Back SearchTitle: CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS
Page Range: T/1-9
Author(s): Roth S; Atkinson K; Mair H J
File size: 112K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The 2000 Noble Prize for Chemistry was awarded to Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa for their contribution to the development of conductive plastics, and this paper takes the form of a review of conductive plastics, with reference to research and development work, and recent conference papers on the subject. The nature of intrinsically conductive plastics is examined, including four important fields of application: LEDs, disposable electronic parts, antistatic coatings, and galvanic pregermination. 16 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.5, 2002, pp.294).
Title: PLASTIC WASTE MATERIALS, THEIR COLLECTION, SORTING, AND PROCESSING, AND EQUIPMENT
Page Range: T/10-18
Author(s):
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the recycling situation in Russia with respect to domestic plastic waste, its collection, sorting, and reprocessing, and the necessary equipment. Some statistical data is included to illustrate the potential size of the industry. In Russia, there is no system for primary waste collection and the population is given no incentive to recycle. Using compact waste formation units, the collection of a considerable amount of waste is now possible in Russia. This mainly comprises PETP bottles which are exported to South East Asia. There are no complete lines in Russia for the production of waste processing equipment, but the Kuzpolimermash Works manufactures separate assemblies for a waste processing line. Washing equipment is not available. Details are given of equipment offered by other non-domestic companies, together with an overview of the suitable recycling techniques. The development of biodegradable polymers is also discussed. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, p.3-9).
Title: COMPATIBILITY AND TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF BLENDS OF ULTRAHIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE AND PA-6 POLYAMIDE
Page Range: T/19-21
Author(s): Krasnov A P; Pleskachevskii Y M; Aderikha V N; Mit' V A; Afonicheva O V
File size: 48K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An investigation is reported of the compatibility and tribological properties of blends of UHMWPE and nylon-6. In order to improve the compatibility of the blend components, use was made of radiochemical functionalisation of PE which was carried out by gamma irradiation of UHMWPE powder and subsequent annealing in air. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, p.12-3).
Title: INFLUENCE OF FUNCTIONALITY OF NOVOLAC PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS ON THE KINETICS OF THE CURING OF EPOXY RESINS
Page Range: T/22-26
Author(s): Smirnov Y N; Volkov V P
File size: 59K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work studies the influence of the molecular weight and functionality of novalac phenol-formaldehyde resins (NPFRs) on their reactivity in a wide temperature range when used as curing agents for epoxy resins. The reaction of epoxy and phenolic groups was studied from the initial rates determined from differential calorimetric curves taken in a wide temperature range on a low-inertia calorimeter designed by the Institute of Chemical Physics Problems. It was demonstrated that the molecular weight of functionality of NPFRs has a considerable influence on their reactivity, and also on the completeness of curing and the degree of structural microinhomogeneity of epoxy-phenol binders. The main reason for this is claimed to be the strong dependency of NPFRs towards self-association and consequently, towards rolling up into globules, which increases with increases in the molecular weight of the NPFRs. It is shown that the low molecular weight agents (phenols and tertiary amines) are capable of lowering the degree of globulisation of polyphenolic chains. 22 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, pp.14-7).
Title: EFFECT OF ELASTIFIERS ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF API CARBON FIBRE REINFORCED IMIDE PLASTICS
Page Range: T/27-30
Author(s): Kostyuchenko V N; Miichenko I P
File size: 37K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Since the occurrence of shear failure owes much to the bond strength at the fibre/matrix boundary (micro level), and by the strength of the matrix in the interlayer space in the composite (macro level), the effect is investigated of the use of elastifiers on the mechanical properties of API carbon fibre reinforced imide plastics. For carbon fibre reinforced polyimides, the shear strength is determined by the properties not only of the fibre surface but also of the matrix itself. This work investigates the influence of the surface of the carbon fibre and the elastic strength properties of the API imide matrix on the shear strength of carbon fibre reinforced polyimides, and assesses the possibility of elastifying the API imide matrix with traditional types of elastifier, in particular, with low molecular weight butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, and to investigate their influence on the retention of the achieved workability and heat resistance. 15 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 12, 2002, pp.17-9).
Title: THERMO-OXIDATIVE AGEING OF COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE AND A HIGHLY DISPERSED Fe-FeO MIXTURE
Page Range: T/31-34
Author(s): Borukaev T A; Mashukov N I; Mikitaev A K
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The study is reported of the use of a highly dispersed iron-iron oxide blend for use as an inhibitor of thermooxidative degradation in PBTP. The study investigates the effect of thermooxidative ageing on the strength, thermal and dielectric properties of PBTP thus stabilised. The heat stability of melts of initial PBTP and stabilised PBTP was evaluated from the change in the values of the melt flow index which was measured on a capillary viscometer. Electrical properties of samples subjected to heat ageing were assessed by means of dielectric relaxation. Results of impact tests of both stabilised and unstabilised samples showed that the impact strength of all the specimens decreases with an increase in the heat ageing time. However, the rate of increase of impact strength of the PBTP and Fe-FeO composite, was shown to depend on the stabiliser content. Thus, the addition of a highly dispersed Fe-FeO mixture into an amorphous-crystalline PBTP causes a certain decrease in the level of molecular mobility of macromolecules, especially in the amorphous phase, thereby inhibiting conformational transformations. As a result of stabilisation, PBTP stabilised with the Fe-Fe-O mixture, acquire a structure that is less defective at temperatures both below and above the Tg and melting temperatures, leading to an increase in service life of the material. 11 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.13, 2001, p.19-21).
Title: PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON ORGANOSILICON LACQUER KO-921 CROSSLINKED WITH ED-20 EPOXY RESIN
Page Range: T/35-37
Author(s): Gulai L I; Serednitskii Y A
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work investigates the effect of ED-20 epoxy resin on the adhesion of polymethylphenyl siloxane coatings to metal substrates, and on the chemical and heat stability of such materials used as lacquers. Experimental data from measuring adhesion by the direct pull method, showed that with increase in the epoxide content to 20-25 wt.%, the adhesion of coatings to the metal substrates increased to 8.8-9.0 MPa. The obtained effect is said to be due to the increase in the content of highly polar epoxy groups in the modified composite, on account of which, there is an increase in the interaction of the coating and the substrate, and the production of coatings with improved heat, chemical and water resistance. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.13, 2001, p.21-3).
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ALKALINE HYDROLYSIS OF N-VINYL AND ACRYLIC POLYMERS
Page Range: T/38-45
Author(s): Lavrov N A
File size: 99K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The alkaline hydrolysis of N-vinyl and acrylic polymers was investigated with reference to homopolymers based on poly-N-vinylsuccinimide (PVSI), poly-N-vinyl-3(5)-methylpyrazole, (PVMP), poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHOEMA), polybutyl acrylate (PBA), VSI-HOEMA, VMP-HOEMA and VSI-BA copolymers in aqueous and in aqueous organic media. As a result of the investigation carried out, the conditions for homogeneous and heterogeneous hydrolysis were determined and the rate constants of hydrolysis of (co)polymers in various media are calculated. It was concluded that by varying the composition of the co(polymers) being hydrolysed and the process conditions, it is possible to carry out targeted hydrolysis, modifying or retaining the individual monomer units in the macrochain with the production both of water-soluble (co)polymers, and of (co)polymers that are insoluble in water but soluble in aqueous organic mixtures. 16 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.13, 2001, p.24-8)
Title: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE SUSPENSION POLYMERISATION OF STYRENE
Page Range: T/46-49
Author(s): Savel'yanov V P; Sharshakova Y V; Klochkov A N
File size: 41K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The particle size distribution is of great importance in the suspension polymerisation of styrene. For foaming polystyrene, it is said that fractions in the range 0.4-3.2 mm are commercial, and that particles that do not fall in this range become production waste. This report is devoted to the primary results of studying the possibilities of controlling the particle size distribution, (PSD) in the given process. In previous studies, the PSD is assumed to be unimodal, which is said to contradict the authors' observations in both the laboratory and on specimens of industrial suspension polystyrene which confirm that its PSD is polymodal. In this context, an investigation was undertaken to determine the influence on the nature of the PSD of different parameters including type and amount of stabiliser, the temperature regime, the type of stirrer, and the mixing regime. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, pp.33-5).
Title: EFFECT OF FILLERS ON THE CURING AND PROPERTIES OF ED-20 EPOXY RESIN
Page Range: T/50-53
Author(s): Sumenkova O D; Osipchik V S; Lebedeva E D; Kononova O A
File size: 68K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
A study was made of the influence of the nature and amount of filler on processing of curing of ED-20 epoxy oligomer, its adhesion to a metal substrate, and also a number of processing parameters of the composite material. The fillers used were silicon dioxide, zirconium dioxide, zirconium silicate, and alumina. The amounts of filler was varied from 100 to 600 parts. In order to control the nature of adhesion interaction both at the epoxy polymer/filler interface and in the composite material-metal system, an organosilicon modifier was used which made it possible to increase adhesion by a factor of 1.5-3 with acceleration of curing processes. The composite materials thus developed, can be used as cold-curing sealing compositions. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.13, 2001, pp.35-7).
Title: LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE FILMS WITH THE ADDITION OF PHOTOLUMINOPHORES BASED ON EUROPIUM COMPOUNDS
Page Range: T/54-58
Author(s): Raida V S; Koval' E O; Ivanitskii A E; Andrienko O S; Tolstikov G A
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
LDPE film, used for agricultural applications such as covering greenhouses or crops, when containing additions of photoluminophores based on europium compounds, has been found to promote accelerated growth and increased yield of crops. The effect of films on the physiology of plants has been termed the 'polisvetan' effect, and is currently attributed to light correction, i.e. a change by the films of the spectrum of electromagnetic solar radiation through the absorption of the shortwave component and the transformation of absorbed energy into the red region of the spectrum. This article studies the luminescent properties of light-correcting PE films, which are most important from the viewpoint of their practical application as coatings of covered-ground structures in agriculture. 10 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, p.38-40).
Title: MODELLING THE KINETICS OF MIGRATION OF STABILISERS FROM POLYPROPYLENE
Page Range: T/59-62
Author(s): Dedov A V; Nazarov V G
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Modelling of the kinetics of migration of stabilisers in PP can be used as a reliable prediction for the service life of polymers, and provides a method for reducing the migration rate of ingredients. One equation is used to predict the kinetics of the process, the rate of which is determined by diffusion of the ingredient in the polymer, while a second equation is used for the case of the dependence of the migration rate mainly on the volatility of the ingredient from the surface of the polymer. Problems were encountered in the use of these equations which led to the development of a different approach in which empirical equations, obtained by processing experimental data on the kinetics of migration of low molecular weight ingredients were proposed. The obtained equations are claimed to ensure calculation of the coefficients entering the expressions for predicting the kinetics of stabilisers based on 2-hydroxyalkoxybenzophenone derivatives from iPP films. In one case, calculation of such coefficients is carried out from known values of the diffusion coefficient of the ingredient in the he polymer. In the absence of tabulated values of the diffusion coefficient of the stabiliser in the polymer, it was possible to use the values of the molecular weight of the ingredient for calculation. 18 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, p.41-2).
Title: MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF PROCESSES OF THERMAL BREAKDOWN OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS CLOSE TO THE THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY LIMIT AT REDUCED PRESSURES
Page Range: T/63-65
Author(s): Zelenev Y V; Shlenskii O F
File size: 37K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work attempts to describe the processes of thermal degradation of polymers and composites based on them that occur with heat release at low ambient pressures, at which convective heat exchange is practically absent. The process is described by means of mathematical models. The model can also be used in the case of the action on the surface of polymers of small heat fluxes, and also it can be applied to blends of polymers with volatile substances. The relations obtained are claimed to have a fairly high accuracy, and in contrast to previously known mathematical models, make it possible to carry out calculations at high temperatures, close to the thermodynamic stability limit, with account taken of the effect of dispersion of the polymeric materials. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.12, 2001, p.43-4).
Title: DEVELOPING COMPOSITES BASED ON UNSATURATED POLYESTER RESINS
Page Range: T/66-70
Author(s): Lebedeva E D; Osipchik V S; Sumenkova O D
File size: 88K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
In this work, the composition and quantity of the curing system and the nature of the interaction between the filler and unsaturated polyester resin binder, were investigated to determine the rate and extend of curing processes and consequently the processing and service characteristics of glass fibre reinforced polyester resin composites. It is demonstrated that the main processing parameters (gelation time, rate and extent of curing) can be controlled in the development of composite materials based on unsaturated polyester resins by the nature and quantity of peroxide initiators combined with organosilicon modifiers. 13 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.13, 2001, p.45-7).
Title: BIODEGRADATION OF POLYETHYLENE MODIFIED WITH BIONELLE POLYESTER
Page Range: T/71-76
Author(s): Labuzek S; Pajak J; Nowak B; Majdiuk E; Karcz J
File size: 99K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An aliphatic polyester, (Bionelle) was used as a modifier for PE films in order to improve biodegradation of the films by various microscopic fungi. The fungi Aspergillus terreus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Paecilomyces varioti, Pencillium ochrochloron, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis and Trichoderma viride were the fungi used. In order to verify whether, in PE films modified with Bionelle, degradation affected the polyester exclusively or the PE as well, IR analysis was carried out on films that had been submitted to the action of the fungi. It was shown that growth of microscopic fungi on PE/polyester films increased with the content of the polyester in the film, and thus PE films modified with Bionelle are biodegraded more quickly than PE alone. 12 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2002, Vol.47, No.4, p.256-61).
Title: EFFECT OF MODIFICATION OF POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) ON ITS BIODEGRADATION IN NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Page Range: T/77-84
Author(s): Rutkowska M; Krasowska K; Heimowska A; Steinka I
File size: 78K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The results are reported of comparative studies of the biodegradation of samples of polycaprolactone modified with starch, calcium carbonate, or process additives polyethylene-butyl acrylate copolymer, and modified with a system masterbatch consisting of LDPE and amines of erucic and oleic acid. The investigations comprised biodegradation in two natural environments, in a compost heap and in sea water. 19 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2002, Vol.47, No.4, p.262-8).
Title: MATERIAL RECYCLING OF HIGH-HARDNESS CAST POLYURETHANES
Page Range: T/85-90
Author(s): Ryszkowska J; Markiewicz B
File size: 283K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The results are discussed of research into the development of technology for polyurethane production using ground polyurethane waste. The investigations were carried out on high-hardness cast polyurethanes with hardness in the range of 40-70 degrees Shore hardness. A series of polyurethane-ureas were obtained, containing 5, 10, 15, or 20 wt.% of ground wastes of various grain sizes (0.4,-1.5 mm). The influence was investigated of the composition of these polyurethane-ureas on the homogeneity of their structure, hardness, rebound, properties in static tension, tear strength, and resistance to abrasion. 16 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2002, Vol. 47, No.4, p.273-8).