Back SearchTitle: FLAME RETARDANT PLASTICS: A GENERAL REVIEW
Page Range: T/1-5
Author(s): Van Wabeeke L
File size: 98K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
The appropriate type of flame retardant material is determined not only by the required flame resistance standard and the physical dimensions for the particular application, but also by the class of polymers used. In order to differentiate between the material compositions used for flame retardant materials, this article includes a short discussion of the different types of plastics, followed by a brief overview of the different types of flame retardant materials, and their respective active mechanisms used to obtain the required flame resistance standard values. In particular, reference is made to the use of flame retardant masterbatches or substance mixtures in thermoplastics, and the contribution of the Resinex product range. 1 ref. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.7, 2001, pp.460).
Title: USE OF RHEOLOGY IN AN INDUSTRIAL POLYMER RESEARCH CENTRE
Page Range: T/6-9
Author(s): Ferri D; Lomellini P
File size: 92K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
The importance of viscosity as a physical property during the processing of polymers is discussed, and the techniques for measuring viscosity are described. The rheological behaviour of three specimens of linear polystyrene with differing molecular weights and dispersivity is studied. A discussion is presented of the effect of molecular weight, polydispersivity, the rubber dispersed phase, and the effect of plasticiser on the viscosity of the three samples. MFI values are also calculated, and the temperature dependence of viscosity is expressed. 5 refs. (Article translated from Muanyag es Gumi, No.7, 2001, pp.264).
Title: PRODUCTION OF PLASTICS BASED ON METALLOCENE CATALYSTS
Page Range: T/10-14
Author(s): Ponomareva V T; Likhacheva N N
File size: 55K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
An overview is presented of the worldwide production of plastics based on metallocene catalysts, with respect to production trends, supply and consumption. Leaders in the area of development, production and use of metallocene catalysts are Exxon Chemical and Dow Chemical, and companies using their technologies are identified. Growth rates for worldwide demand and trends in consumption are examined. The need for alliances and joint ventures to more effectively promote R & D and the use of the combinatorial method of product development is emphasised. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.8-11).
Title: ASSESSMENT OF THE LEVEL OF ADHESION OF CERTAIN PROTECTIVE COATINGS AND EPOXY POLYMERS
Page Range: T/15-23
Author(s): Sharkovskii V A; Trifonov V Z; Ostapenko E I
File size: 95K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
A thermodynamic approach is applied in the assessment of the properties of adhesively bonded joints used in cable leads and composite polymeric insulators for high voltage equipment based on epoxy glass fibre reinforced plastics and polymeric protective coatings. The thermodynamic work of adhesion can be determined via the magnitude of the surface tension and its components (dispersion and polar) of the contacting bodies. This approach, makes it possible, from the equilibrium work of adhesion, to assess the strength and stability of adhesive forces under different service conditions. In the investigation, the most commonly used materials in protective coatings for high voltage equipment in Russia, were studied, i.e., dimethylsiloxane elastomer, a polyolefinic elastomer, PTFE and LDPE. The surface tension of the polymers was determined, and calculations were made by use of the Owens and Wendt formula, which makes it possible to determine the dispersion component of surface tension of the polymer, and the component of the surface tension that is governed by the action of polar forces. Calculations of these parameters in each polymer are given. 19 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.12-17).
Title: PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMER-MODIFIED AND GAMMA-IRRADIATED HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/24-26
Author(s): Filipova M V; Vasileva S T; Kharalampiev M S
File size: 46K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
Elastomer modification of polymers to increase impact strength generally reduces mechanical strength characteristics of the blends, it is claimed. To overcome this, an investigation is carried out to determine the influence of irradiation schedules on composites based on a blend of HDPE and other rubbers. Materials tested included HDPE, polyisoprene, butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber, butadiene-styrene rubber and ethylene-propylene-butadiene terpolymers. The blended specimens were irradiated in air with gamma rays. The elastic modulus was determined, and the effectiveness of crosslinking was assessed by the equilibrium swelling in toluene at 20 degrees C. It is shown that the introduction of rubbers into PE leads in practically all cases to an increase in the impact strength of the composites, which is improved by the use of irradiation causing a more uniform distribution of the mechanical load as a result of crosslinking of the PE and rubber macromolecules at the phase boundary. 12 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, p.18-19).
Title: INVESTIGATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF BLENDS OF INDUSTRIAL THERMOSETTING RESINS
Page Range: T/27-32
Author(s): Kandyrin L B; Kopyrina S E; Kuleznev V N
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
A study was made of the phase structure and properties of binary blends of thermosets, (epoxy resins, furan resins, and unsaturated polyesters). The properties of blends of similar resins (epoxy resin-epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester-unsaturated polyester) and the properties of resins of significantly different structure and curing mechanisms (epoxy resin, unsaturated polyester, epoxy resin, furan resins) were investigated. It was established that, depending on the structure and compatibility of the of the initial resins, they can form both single-phase and two-phase cured products. By means of analysis of phase and phase relaxation diagrams, and investigation was made of the laws governing the formation, during curing, of blends of different types of structure (single or two phase). The dependences of mechanical characteristics on composition for blends with a single-phase structure proved to be near-additive, while those for blends with a two-phase structure were described by S-shaped curves. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.20-23).
Title: MODELLING AND CALCULATION OF THE ORIENTATION OF SHORT FIBRES DURING THE FLOW OF DILUTE POLYMER COMPOSITES IN A NARROW CHANNEL
Page Range: T/33-37
Author(s): Novitskii M G; Babaevskii P G
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
The development is described of a mathematical model that makes it possible to predict the orientation of fibres during the flow of dilute polymer composites filled with short fibres in a narrow channel. On the basis of this model, a computer program has been established and used in this work to represent the structure of the arrangement of fibres in the mould cavity with three different ratios of fibre length to fibre diameter and the dependence of the proportion of oriented fibres on the ratio of fibre length to fibre diameter thus obtained, are presented. 8 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.24-6).
Title: PROGRESS AND TASKS OF RESEARCH IN THE AREA OF THE AGEING AND STABILISATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Page Range: T/38-49
Author(s): Minsker K S; Zaikov G E
File size: 165K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
The stability and ageing characteristics of PVC is discussed with reference to current research, which focuses on the connection of low stability of PVC with the possible presence in the composition of the macromolecules of labile groups that activate breakdown of the polymer, different from the sequences of normal vinyl chloride units. However, reliable experimental results, including those obtained in a study of the thermal degradation of fractionated PVC, indicate that end unsaturated groups, though present in the composition of polymeric molecules, have no influence on the breakdown rate of PVC. The overall dehydrochlorination of PVC is described which demonstrates that an analysis of experimental results concerning the concept of beta-chlorallyl activation of dehydrochlorination of PVC does not survive critical analysis, but that the concept of oxovinylene activation of PVC breakdown is proven. Experiments show that practically all internal unsaturated groups contained in the macromolecules of the initial PVC are oxovinylene, and that the dehydrochlorination rate of PVC is linearly related to the content of internal labile oxovinylene groups in the polymeric molecules, determined by the alkaline hydrolysis method. Principles for the formulation of stabilisers with reference to the concept of oxovinylene activation are discussed. 62 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.27-35).
Title: SYNTHESIS OF POLYPHENYLSILOXANE STANNOXANES
Page Range: T/50-51
Author(s): Fedoseevskii V V; Tikhonov V S
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
In order to improve the heat resistance of polyorganosiloxanes, the synthesis is carried out of polyfunctional spiroladder oligosiloxanes as initial compounds for subsequent conversion into polyorganosiloxanes of a prescribed structure. The synthesis consisted of two stages: the production of polycyclic oligosiloxanes having a rigid attachment to tin and the synthesis of spiroladder polysiloxanes from the oligomers already produced. In this work, oligophenylsiloxane stannoxanes (OPSSs) were produced for the first time by heterofunctional condensation of tetrahydroxytetraphenylcyclotetrasiloxane with stannic chloride with a molar ratio of 2:1 in the presence of a hydrogen chloride acceptor. The thermooxidative stability of PPSSs was tested by thermogravimetric analysis in air. Their superior performance is attributed to the introduction into the ladder structure of the polymer of stabilising stannoxane spiro groups with their rigid attachment in the ladder siloxane chain. 4 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.35-6).
Title: THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF POTASSIUM POLYPHOSPHATE AND POLYCONDENSATION WITH GLYCERIN DICHLOROHYDRIN
Page Range: T/52-55
Author(s): Amanov M R; Ibragimova F B; Yariev O M
File size: 48K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
A study was made of the thermal polycondensation of polyphosphoric acid with glycerin dichlorohydrin. On the basis of the data obtained, the kinetic parameters of the polycondensation process were calculated. The influence was studied of different factors on the degree of condensation, and thermodynamic evaluations of the formation of sodium and potassium polyphosphate were made. It was revealed that, as a result of polycondensation, oligomeric phosphate structures are formed. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.37-9).
Title: RECYCLING AND REPROCESSING OF WASTE MATERIALS FROM THE PRODUCTION OF POLYURETHANES
Page Range: T/56-58
Author(s): Gorban T V; Zhuravlev V A; Onorina L E; Kozhinova T V; Rakk I A
File size: 33K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
Approaches to the recycling of waste polyurethane products are discussed, with particular reference to the S. M. Kirov Works. The company produces waste material from injection moulding thermosetting polyurethanes, such as sprues, flash, shavings in the form of strips from the machining of rollers, etc., waste soft polyurethane foams, and waste materials from rigid polyurethane foams, the reprocessing of each requiring its own solution. Experimental work carried out by the factory is described, which includes thermal breakdown by incineration, mechanical comminution and subsequent use of the produced crumb material as fillers, and depolymerisation with the formation of products of low molecular weight. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.39-40).
Title: PROCESSING OF THE WASTE MATERIALS OF A CURED SOLID URETHANE ELASTOMER
Page Range: T/59-60
Author(s): Kuz'mitskii G E; Alikin V N; Zhuravlev V A; Mokretsov I I
File size: 32K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
Waste materials consisting of crosslinked solid polyurethanes were recycled into a thermoplastic material on equipment used in the S. M. Kirov Works plant. The reprocessing of the polyurethane waste material was carried out by heat treatment of the polyurethane mass in a mixture with butadiene-styrene rubber at a temperature of 140-180 degrees C in a closed internal mixer to produce a homogeneous plasticised material suitable for reuse. Details of properties of the resultant material are given. 7 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.41-2).
Title: POLYMER COMPOSITE BASED ON THE INTERACTION OF GLYCERIN ALPHA, GAMMA-DICHLOROHYDRIN WITH POLYPHOSPHORIC ACID AND ITS APPLICATION
Page Range: T/61-63
Author(s): Amanov M R; Ibragimova F B; Sodikova S S
File size: 38K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
Trials were carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a polymer composite based on glycerin dichlorohydrin with polyphosphoric acid as a stimulant of plant growth when used as a soil treatment product for the cultivation of cotton plants. Oligomers based on glycerin alpha, gamma dichlorohydrin were synthesised with polyphosphoric acid. To establish the physiological activity and field conditions, a study was made of the influence of the synthesised oligomer on soil conditions in the growing of cotton plants. Results obtained over three years on the effect of the polymer composite on the seed germinating capacity and the results of phenological observations are given. 2 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.4, 2001, pp.42-3).
Title: USE OF FT-IR SPECTRA AND NANO HARDNESS MEASUREMENTS IN THE PROGRESS OF PHOTOCURING POLYESTER RESINS
Page Range: T/64-70
Author(s): Beilinksi D; Glab P; Slusarski L
File size: 76K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
Methods are described for the monitoring of the photocuring of polyester resins, and form part of a work aimed at designing coating compositions with low wear, applied to finished rubber products. The use is discussed of FTIR spectroscopy and nanoindentation techniques. The latter makes it possible to determine the changes in the mechanical properties that take place in the surface layer of the material to a depth of less than 3 microns. Details are included of the test method and test apparatus which are compared with conventional methods for studying the hardness of polymers. FTIR and nanoindentation are used as parallel methods of monitoring the progress of photocuring of polyester resins, the former showing the course of chemical changes, and the latter, the changes in macroscopic (hardness) properties of the material. 30 refs.(Article translated from Polimery, No.708, 2001, pp.494).
Title: PHOSPHORYLATED PHENOLIC RESINS
Page Range: T/71-75
Author(s): Kedzierski M; Florjanczyk Z
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 2
Abstract
A study is reported in which the properties of phosphorylated phenolic resins are evaluated with a view to their use in proton-conducting electrolytes. Synthesis of phosphorylated phenolic resins was carried out by molten phase polycondensation of phenyl monoester of phosphoric acid with trioxan. The resins obtained had a degree of polycondensation, calculated by H-NMR analysis, in the region of 3-7, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry of secondary ions. Solutions of the phosphorylated phenolic resins showed good ion-conducting properties, but possessed limited hydrolytic stability of the ester groups. This was corrected to a certain extent by crosslinking the resin. By subjecting the resins to the effect of an excess of formaldehyde, crosslinked products were obtained, with an exchange capacity in the region of 9 mval/g. 19 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.7-8, 2001, pp.511).