Back SearchTitle: USE OF 1,3-BIS(CITRACONIMIDOMETHYL)BENZENE AS AN ANTIREVERSION AGENT IN INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS
Page Range: T/1-7
Author(s): Datta R N; Ingham F A A
File size: 229K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The use of an anti-reversion agent, Perkalink 900 is described for a number of applications in the manufacture of rubber products. 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene was evaluated in a series of typical applications in industrial rubber products, (tyres, oil seals, conveyor belt coatings, engine mountings, tank pressure rests), and demonstrated advantages with respect to reversion resistance during curing and subsequent ageing. Improvements in resistance to reversion resulted in improved retention of vulcanisate properties such as tensile strength, crack growth resistance and abrasion resistance. In addition, heat evolution is shown to be significantly reduced. The method by which 1,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene counteracts reversion by means of crosslink compensation is discussed. 11 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.4, 2002, pp.225-231).
Title: MICROSTRUCTURE REGULATORS FOR CUSTOMISED SOLUTION RUBBERS
Page Range: T/8-13
Author(s): Koch H; Adametz W
File size: 87K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Demand for improvement in tyre performance has resulted in the increased use of customised rubbers. Such rubbers are characterised by their specific microstructure. This paper discusses the anionic polymerisation of diene monomers by means of microstructure regulators, and describes the correlations between the molecular structure and the material properties with particular reference to the key function of the microstructure regulators. A requirements profile is also presented, the conditions of which are to be met by a suitable regulator. The use is reported of SASOL's structure regulator Additiv CMC in solution rubbers. 6 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.3, 2002, pp.162-6).
Title: STUDY OF THE SULPHUR BRIDGE STRUCTURE IN EPDM RUBBER VULCANISATES BY PYROLYSIS-GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Page Range: T/14-20
Author(s): Okumoto T; Yamada T; Tsuge S; Ohtani H
File size: 109K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
EPDM, when crosslinked with sulphur, produces vulcanisates with rubber-like elasticity, yet superior heat resistance, ozone resistance, and weatherability. However, since crosslinking by sulphur alone is fairly slow, an organic sulphur compound is generally added as a cure accelerator. Application of these accelerator compounds to EPDM is relatively recent and the detailed crosslinked structure and crosslinking mechanism, are claimed to be largely unknown. To this end, an investigation is carried out into the vulcanisation mechanism, and in particular, a study of the sulphur bridge structure by pyrolysis-gas chromatography. 14 refs. (Article translated from Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, No.7, 2001, pp.283-8).
Title: STUDY OF THE MODIFICATION OF SKI-3 POLYISOPRENE WITH NITRON-POLYETHYLENE CONCENTRATE
Page Range: T/21-23
Author(s): Guseva S G; Strygin V D; Lyakin Y I; Ushakova O B; Potapov E E
File size: 45K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The modification of polyisoprene by use of modified LDPE containing grafted nitroxyl radicals is examined. The modified polyethylene is shown to act simultaneously as both a chemical and physical modifier. Physical and mechanical indices were determined for the modified polyisoprene vulcanisates in both filled and unfilled forms. Increases in these indices when using nitron-polyethylene concentrate as the modifying system can, it is proposed, be explained firstly by the increase in intermolecular interaction in rubber mixes and vulcanisates based on them, and secondly, by interaction of the grafted nitroxyl radicals with the active sites on the surface of the carbon black, with intensifies rubber-filler interaction. 7 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.16-8).
Title: USE OF NEW INORGANIC FILLERS IN TYRE RUBBER FORMULATIONS
Page Range: T/24-29
Author(s): Kornev A E; Bobrov A P; Sheverdyaev O N; Kharlamov S E
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The possibility is examined of substituting shungite and thermin mineral fillers for furnace black and kaolin in truck and car tyre formulations. Shungite is a finely ground natural mineral containing oxides of silica (65%), and thermin is a finely-divided, radiation-safe mineral filler based on modified, sifted ash waste from burning solid fuel at thermal power stations. The latter contains oxides of silica (55-65%). These mineral fillers were added to general-purpose rubber-based tyre formulations, and results of tests on tread rubber mixes and vulcanisates, in formulations for coating the metal cord breaker, for coating the textile cord, for insulating the bead wire, and for use in tread compounds and in interlayers, are given. Results of tests on rubber mixes using standard fillers and thermin for mechanical rubber goods are also presented. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.18-23).
Title: INFLUENCE OF CARBON FILLERS ON THE BOND STRENGTH IN RUBBER-CORD SYSTEMS
Page Range: T/30-32
Author(s): Ershov D V; Goncharov V M
File size: 41K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
To increase the bond strength of the rubber and cord system of tyres, fabrics based on synthetic fibres are impregnated first. The formulation of the impregnating composition additionally includes highly-dispersed fillers such as oxidised furnace black or diffusion gas blacks, which have active oxygen-containing groups on their surface, promoting an increase in intermolecular interaction at the phase boundary. Currently, the formulation of the impregnating composition includes channel black. Newly developed types of carbon materials with an active surface area are also used which include industrial diamond carbon, a product of detonation synthesis of hydrocarbons, and BCPO coal, a product of biochemical processing of lignite. A study is reported which investigated the influence of the crystallographic structure, and the manner of introduction of carbon fillers on bond strength in rubber-cord systems. It was found that the strength of the bond between rubber and cord increases as the specific surface of the filler increases, regardless of the manner of its introduction into the rubber-cord system, and thus, it is proposed possible to replace expensive channel black with carbon materials of a different nature, without reduction in performance. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.23-4).
Title: ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF FIBROUS FILLERS UNDER CONCENTRATED CUTTING CONDITIONS
Page Range: T/33-35
Author(s): Solov'ev M E; Nesiolovskaya T N; Kotusenko B V
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
An investigation was carried out of the processing of rubber-textile materials with high rubber content to produce fibrous fillers with the necessary geometric characteristics, and to identify the main parameters for controlling this process. The influence of fibre lengths and distribution of fibres is discussed, and a theoretical expression is obtained, which can be used for selecting the variables of the grinding process (cutting pitch), which gives the required average size of the fibres at a specified initial size. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.24-6)
Title: EXPERIMENTAL AND GRAPHICAL METHOD OF DETERMINING THE RATE OF TYRE TREAD WEAR
Page Range: T/36-37
Author(s): Gudkov V A; Tarnovskii V N; Shiryaev S A
File size: 27K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
An experimental and graphical method is described, which can be used for the determination of the rate of wear of tyre treads. Research conducted at the Volgograd State Technical University in collaboration with the Research Institute of the Tyre Industry is reported. The research showed that the work of friction in the contact, being the sum of the products of the tangential stresses by the slip that occurs, more fully characterises tyre wear in comparison with estimation based on the existing forces of friction or slip considered separately. 1 ref. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.26-8)
Title: COMPUTER PREDICTION OF THE CANCER HAZARD OF SULPHENAMIDE CURING ACCELERATORS
Page Range: T/38-42
Author(s): Starovoitov M K; Vasil'ev P M; Rudakova T V; Belousov E K; Kryakunov M V; Kachegin A F
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Computer-based techniques are described, which are used for making an a priori assessment of the possible carcinogenicity of three sulphenamide curing accelerators. The techniques are based on relations obtained by the methods of pattern recognition theory, linking the absence or presence of carcinogenicity to the structure of the compounds, represented as a set of structural descriptors in the QL language. The study employed an original comprehensive approach to prediction, which envisages using a conservative strategy for correlating the spectrum of primary predictive estimates obtained by four methods with different mathematical formalism, for 11 different levels of description of the structure. The probability measure of possible carcinogenicity of sulphenamide accelerators is calculated using elaboration of a reasoned overall conclusion based on the spectrum of calculated estimates. The calculations showed that, with a sufficiently high degree of confidence, none of the three compounds is carcinogenic. 10 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, 2002, No.1, pp.28-31).
Title: PROPERTIES OF PLASTICISER EDOS AND OF PVC COMPOSITES BASED ON IT
Page Range: T/43-45
Author(s): Glazyrin A B; Kalganov V A; Abdullin M I; Chuklina N S
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
EDOS plasticisers were evaluated in PVC compounds, and their performance compared to that of (di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DOP), and dibutylphthalate,(DBP). EDOS plasticisers comprise a mixture of derivatives of 1,3-dioxane and alcohols, and their high boiling ethers, the main component of which is 1,7-bis(4-methyl-1,3-dioxan-4-yl)-3,5-dioxaheptane. EDOS has a relatively low cost compared with phthalate plasticisers, and can be used to produce non-critical plasticised PVC materials and articles. The change in the Tg was used as a reliable criterion of the effectiveness of the plasticiser, and this was determined for the thermomechanical curves of model specimens of PVC composites with different plasticiser contents. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to assess the volatility and heat stability of the EDOS plasticiser. Results of test showed that EDOS had sufficiently high plasticising capacity and compatibility with PVC and is similar in these properties to DBP and DOP. Its shortcoming is its high volatility, which leases to considerable losses of plasticiser during the processing of PVC. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001, p.18-9).
Title: INFLUENCE OF THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF POLYMERS OF THE METHACRYLIC SERIES ON THE PROPERTIES OF POSITIVE RESISTS
Page Range: T/46-51
Author(s): Bichuch N A
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Information on photo, electron beam and X-ray resists based on high molecular weight compounds of different chemical structures, is currently of particular interest in the development of electronics. PMMA is the most common polymeric resist on account of its high resolution and stability and the reproducibility of its parameters. The presence of a quaternary carbon atom in PMMA results in increased sensitivity to electron beam and X-ray action, and in addition, PMMA is characterised by processes of degradation under these conditions, through to the formation of the monomer. A study is described, which attempts to modify PMMA whilst retaining its basic structure by the introduction of groups which enables the properties of resists based on it to be modified. Modification can be carried out by a different substituent in the alpha position, by the introduction of functional groups into the alkyl, or by the copolymerisation of methyl methacrylate with monomers of different chemical nature. The aim of this report is to generalise data relating to the study of the influence of the chemical structure of polymers of the methacrylic series on the properties of positive resists. The influence of the molecular weight of the examined polymer on the sensitivity of an electron beam resist is presented. 50 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001, pp.22-5).
Title: SYNTHESIS OF COPOLYMERS OF VINYL CHLORIDE AND METHYL METHACRYLATE. A REVIEW
Page Range: T/52-54
Author(s): Bischuch N A; Ganyukhina T G; Kronman A G
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A review of the literature is presented which relates to the synthesis of vinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate. The synthesis of copolymers of VC with MMA by suspension, block, bulk, solution and emulsion methods of polymerisation are examined. Reference is made to the use of initiators and emulsifiers, and how the structure of the polymer chain is influenced by the composition of the monomer blend. The kinetics of cyclisation and the kinetics of copolymerisation are referenced, and references to the thermal stability of copolymers of VC with MMA and the processability of the copolymers, are included. 22 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001, pp.31-2).
Title: STUDY OF THE CHARGING ZONE OF A SCREW REACTOR AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF FEEDING IT WITH A POLYMER MELT
Page Range: T/55-57
Author(s): Gachechiladze L M V; Oniani G T
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A continuous process is described for the production of block polystyrene using a screw reactor which is included in an industrial layout for thermal polymerisation. The principle of action of the reactor is based on the appearance of normal stresses and the Weissenberg effect in melts of thermoplastics during their Couette flow. The screw reactor is positioned vertically on the finishing section of the polymerisation layout, and is supplied from the previous reactor with partially polymerised styrene. The polymerisation process is completed in it. The charging zone of the reactor captures the melt and transfers it vertically upwards. This charging zone was investigated, in order, within the range of the temperature conditions specified by polymerisation regulations, to revise the conditions of capture and transfer of the mass along the screw channel. The dependence of the throughput of the charging zone on the friction coefficients were determined by means of given equations. On the basis of findings from the investigation, a combined variant in the screw reactor is suggested, which involves the use in the charging zone of two intermeshing screws rotating in opposite directions and a single screw in the compression and dosing zone. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001,pp.33-4)
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF MELTS OF POLYETHYLENE, POLYSTYRENE, AND POLYMERISING STYRENE MATERIAL DURING ANNULAR FLOW
Page Range: T/58-59
Author(s): Gachechiladze M V
File size: 37K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Work was undertaken to investigate the behaviour of a melt of polymerising styrene material under different deformation conditions in order to establish the rheokinetic relationships governing the polymerisation of styrene and the creation of new layouts for its polymerisation. In order to establish the existence of normal stresses and the Weissenberg effect, a study was made of melts of industrial grades of LDPE, both block and suspension polystyrene, and also melts of polymerising styrene material during their Couette flow. The experiment was carried out on a specially designed and manufactured viscometer which included coaxial cylinders. The measure of the normal stresses was taken as the degree of displacement of the melt meniscus on the surface of the inner cylinder. Experimental data thus obtained is analysed. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001, pp.34-5).
Title: BIOCOMPATIBILITY AND BIODEGRADATION OF POLYOLEFINS
Page Range: T/60-72
Author(s): Gumargalieva K Z; Zaikov G E; Polishchuk A Y; Adamyan A A; Vinokurova T I
File size: 131K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The biocompatibility of polyolefins and their biodegradation are discussed with reference to their biostability as implants and prostheses, and their biodegradation and recyclability when used in engineering and industry. The degradation of polyolefins in biological media is examined, with particular reference to the effects of water, salts, enzymes, ageing of PP fibres and films under conditions of contact with elements of connective tissue and tissue fluids, and the degradation of PE by microorganisms. 29 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2001, pp.39-48).
Title: CURING OF EPOXY RESINS WITH PF NOVOLACS IN THE PRESENCE OF COPPER DIACETYL ACETONATE
Page Range: T/73-75
Author(s): Nikolaev A F; Karkozov V G; Vol'fson A I; Panasyuk S L; Suslov M Y
File size: 39K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The curing of epoxy resins with phenol-formaldehyde novolac resins using copper diacetyl acetonate as an accelerator is studied in order to elucidate the nature of the effect of an accelerator on reactions. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was used in the analysis of the interaction of copper diacetyl acetonate with compounds containing the functional groups and certain structural elements of these resins. Data obtained during the investigation of the model systems by EPR, lead to the belief that during the curing of epoxy resins with novolacs in the presence of copper diacetyl acetonate, in the initial stages of the process there is formation of an extraspherical coordination compound between the chelate and the epoxy-containing component of the system being cured. In addition, it is also possible for a mixed complex compound to form, in which case epoxy groups are located inside the inner sphere of the metal complex and phenolic hydroxyl groups are located on the outer sphere on account of formation of a hydrogen bond with the oxygen atom of the chelate ring. 10 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2001, No.10, p.18-9).
Title: REFRACTOMETRIC STUDY OF COMPLEX FORMATION IN MONOMER-SOLVENT SYSTEMS
Page Range: T/76-83
Author(s): Sivtsov E V; Lavrov N A; Nikolaev A F
File size: 95K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
An investigation is reported of complexing processes in monomer-solvent systems including combinations of N-vinylsuccinimide, dimethyl sulphoxide, acetic anhydride, and n-butylacrylate. In order to investigate the formation of complexes in N-vinylsuccinimide-solvent and n-butylacrylate-solvent systems, the values were determined of the refractive indices of solutions of these components of various compositions relative to the air of the laboratory. Based on an examination of the dependence of three quantities (refractive index, specific refraction, and deviations from the rule of additivity for specific refraction), on the composition of the systems, complexes were identified which would probably form, and which are indicated. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, N0.10, p.20-5).
Title: POLYMERIC COATINGS FOR PROTECTING TRANSPARENT MATERIALS AGAINST CONDENSATION
Page Range: T/84-86
Author(s): Shul'gina E S; Golenishcheva S A; Rzhekhina E K
File size: 26K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A review is presented of various technologies for the production of polymeric coatings for use as condensation resistant and anti-fogging protective coatings on transparent materials. References to the literature are discussed under the headings of coatings from (co)polymerising monomers, and coatings from (co)polymers. 28 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2001, No.10, p.46-7).
Title: REDUCING THE FLAMMABILITY OF ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
Page Range: T/87-89
Author(s): Pariiskaya M Y; Tovkes I N; Shul'gina E S
File size: 74K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 29
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The use of atactic polypropylene in the building industry in applications such as polymer-modified bitumen for roofing and water barriers, has been limited due to its flammability. Work is reported of the development and investigation of the properties of self-extinguishing APP compositions containing decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) and its mixtures with each of the oxides of antimony and iron. These newly developed self-extinguishing compositions can be regarded as flame retardant concentrates for adding to polymer-bitumen compositions for the manufacture of modern roofing and water barrier materials by existing technology. Optimum combinations and levels of fireproofing compounds are established. 11 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2001, No.10, p.47-9).