Back SearchTitle: FIREPROOFING OF RUBBERS BASED ON CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/1-3
Author(s): Donskoi A A; Shashkina M A; Zaikov G E; Aseev R M
File size: 39K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Fireproofing coatings based on chlorosulphonated PE (CSPE) are investigated. Each of the components of the rubber mix is shown to have its own influence on the fireproofing properties of the coating. To establish the physical and chemical processes that occur in this case, the thermal properties of vulcanisates of CSPE were studied, and also the heat flows from the flame on the surface of the specimen. It was established that the thermooxidative breakdown of CSPE and vulcanisates based on it during heating under dynamic conditions, is a multistage process. The results of tests involving various fillers and plasticisers have made it possible to create rubber-like, high-impact, flame resistant materials TZR-3 and TZR-5. 9 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp.2-4).
Title: ADHESION PROPERTIES OF A BLEND OF INCOMPATIBLE ELASTOMERS. 3. INVESTIGATION OF THE SURFACE S TATE OF A BLEND OF INCOMPATIBLE ELASTOMERS
Page Range: T/4-7
Author(s): Kukushkin S Y; Kiselev V Y
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Blends of incompatible elastomers are investigated to determine the effect of the ratio of components (fillers, plasticisers, softeners, adhesion promoters, etc.), their nature, and the polarity of the fillers on the state of the surface layer of the blend. The study was carried out of technical grade rubbers of different cohesive energy density: a non-polar rubber (NR), and polar rubbers urethane rubber and nitrile rubber. Blends of non-polar and polar rubbers in 1:9, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1, and 9:1 volume ratios were mixed and filled with either non-polar carbon black or a polar filler, fine colloidal silica. The surface state of the blend was monitored from the initial swelling rate by the method of continuous weighing, and was observed using electron microscopy. The number and size of the bulges (swelling) or hollows (pitting) were used to judge which of the rubbers entering the composite is mainly positioned on the surface of the blend. By comparing date obtained by the methods of surface swelling, wetting and also IR FTIR, and electron micrographs, it was possible to draw preliminary conclusions about which phase of the incompatible elastomers is mainly distributed on the surface, and so to predict the adhesion characteristics of the surface. 12 refs. (Article translated from Kauchu i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp. 4-8).
Title: COLD RESISTANCE OF FLUOROELASTOMERS
Page Range: T/8-11
Author(s): Nudel'man Z N
File size: 228K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Vulcanisates based on fluorine-containing rubber, - a copolymer of vinyl fluoride and hexafluoropropene, (SKF-26) possess high heat stability and resistance to aggressive media, but are prone to loose their elasticity almost entirely at - 20 degrees C. To determine the causes of these effects, calculations are made of the three-dimensional structure of molecular models of fluorine-containing rubber by the MM-2 molecular mechanics methods. To select the minimum acceptable model, systems consisting of one, two and four SKF-26 units were calculated, and a four unit model was found to be the best. A characteristic feature of the structure of fluorine-containing rubber is the convergence of the fluorine and hydrogen atoms, such that the distance between them (shortened contacts) is smaller than the sum of their Van der Waals radii. The shortened contacts indicate that these atoms are governed by hydrogen bonds. The cooperative action of hydrogen bonds between H and F atoms lying not at neighbouring carbon atoms, is claimed to fix the shape of the spiral shape of the molecules making conformational transitions difficult at temperatures below the threshold of failure of these bonds (60-100 degrees C). It is suggested that the cold resistance of fluorine-containing rubbers may be improved by creating obstacles to the formation of intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds. 8 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp.8-10)
Title: EFFECT OF DETONATION-SYNTHESISED NANOCARBON ON THE PROPERTIES OF BLENDS BASED ON SKI-5 AND SKI-3 POLYISOPRENE RUBBERS
Page Range: T/12-14
Author(s): Tsypkina I M; Voznyakovskii A P
File size: 48K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The use is considered of ultradispersed fillers in rubbers, and in particular, detonation-synthesised nanocarbon. The increased structural activity associated with the structural and energetic characteristics of ultradispersed fillers is claimed to lead to considerable improvement in the service properties of elastomeric materials. This work sets out to study the influence of the content of detonation-synthesised nanocarbon of a certain composition on the rheological properties of composites based on polyisoprene. The investigation was carried out on gel-free rubbers produced on titanium and lanthanoid catalytic systems with different Mooney viscosities, and on composites of three different types: rubber + P324 carbon black (50-55 parts); rubber + P324 carbon black (50 parts) + detonation-synthesised nanocarbon (1-5 parts); and rubber + detonation-synthesised nanocarbon (50 parts). The detonation-synthesised nanocarbon contained about 50% diamond component, the remainder consisting of graphite and amorphous carbon. It was found that the introduction of small amounts of detonation-synthesised nanocarbon combined with carbon black, led to an improvement in the processing and rheological properties of composites based on isoprene rubbers. The considerable content of graphite component and the ultradispersivity of the fractals forming the detonation-synthesised nanocarbon particles, give it the properties of a dry lubricant facilitating the orientation of the macromolecules in the direction of deformation. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp.10-12).
Title: IMPROVING THE SERVICE PROPERTIES OF OFFSET RUBBERS BY METHODS OF PHYSIC-CHEMICAL MODIFICATION
Page Range: T/15-18
Author(s): Kudina E F; Tyurina S I
File size: 69K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The composition of an offset printing blanket is described, together with details of the required performance of materials used in its construction. Offset sheets are very expensive, and in order to improve their durability, tests were carried out which involved both chemical and physical modification of the surface properties of the materials, whilst maintaining good ink wettability of the surface layer and high wear resistance. The aim of this work was to develop methods for the physicochemical modification of the surface layer of model specimens of offset rubbers by use of microwave radiation, and to use active chemical agents sulphamic acid, ethyl acetate, triethanolamine, ethylene glycol, benzene, and pure sulphuric acid for application to the surface of the specimens. Tests revealed that complex treatment with UV irradiation and sulphamic acid had the most effective influence on the physicochemical and tribotechnical surface properties of offset sheet, and that the modification methods developed, will make it possible to increase the wear resistance of offset sheets and to reduce material costs during offset printing. 11 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp. 22-6)
Title: FORMULATION OF INJECTION MOULDING POLYURETHANES USING MATHEMATICAL MODELS
Page Range: T/19-21
Author(s): Fedulov A N; Kirpichnikov A P; Bakirova I N; Zenitova L A
File size: 48K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Details are given of the development of a mathematical model which makes it possible to select appropriate polyurethane rubber formulation for injection moulding applications, rapidly and with high accuracy. This investigation is carried out on rubber SKU-OM based on polyethylene glycol adipinate using a dimethylamino methylphenol derivative as the catalyst. The combination of preferred properties was chosen to with respect to nominal tensile strength, hardness, and rebound resilience. This selection was dictated by the use of the given polymers as sealants and also for the elastic facing of shafts. The mathematical model used to predict the properties of polyurethane was developed, making use of the idea of orthogonalisation of vectors of factorial space using Chebyshev's method to obtain regression dependences of strength, elasticity, hardness, and breaking elongation on the ratio of NCO to OH. 2 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp.26-8).
Title: USE OF TIOALKOFEN B FOR THE STABILISATION OF BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE RUBBER
Page Range: T/22-24
Author(s): Voronchikhin V D; Gavrikova T Y; Goncharov V M; Bubenev V A; Bukhiyarova N M
File size: 46K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The effectiveness is investigated of using a new thiobisphenol stabiliser for the thermooxidative stabilisation of butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers. The new stabiliser Tioalkofen B (TAB) is a technical mixture of mono- and polysulphides of bis(o-tert-butylphenol) produced by the sulphidation of o-tert-butylphenol with sulphur chloride in a hydrocarbon solvent. The influence of the amount of TAB on the thermooxidative stability of rubber SKN-40 was assessed in comparison with N-phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (Naftam-2) and 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol (P-23). Data derived from the study indicates that TAB can be used as an effective stabiliser for butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber. 9 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp.28-30).
Title: UNSATURATED HIGHER FATTY ACIDS OF VEGETABLE ORIGIN AND THEIR SULPHUR-CONTAINING DERIVATIVES IN RUBBER MIX FORMULATIONS
Page Range: T/25-28
Author(s): Rakhmatullina A P; Akhmed'yanova R A; Zavarikhina L A; Mokhnatkina O G
File size: 46K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The current method for the production of higher fatty acids from vegetable feedstock in industry is a multistage method and is based on the use of high temperatures and pressures, requiring high energy consumption, and consequently leading to high cost fatty acids. This study describes technology which has been developed for the production of higher fatty acids of technical designation from vegetable feedstock at lower temperatures and atmospheric pressure that does not involve a stage of distillation of the acids isolated. The products thus obtained, are chiefly mixtures of unsaturated fatty acids; oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, etc. Since it is known that the introduction into rubber mixes of tall oil fatty acids with different degrees of non-saturation affects the vulcanisation characteristics, it was of interest to investigate the influence of the composition of the unsaturated fatty acid on the vulcanisation properties of rubber mixes and the physicomechanical properties of vulcanisates based on them, with particular reference to the substitution of stearic acid. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina , No. 1, 2003, pp.30-2).
Title: NEW WEAR RESISTANCE INDICES OF SOLING MATERIALS
Page Range: T/29-32
Author(s): Magomedov S S
File size: 54K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
A method has been devised for the determination of wear resistance of soling materials which investigates the relationship between the abrasion resistance and other properties of the soling materials. Wear resistance data was obtained which can be determined from compression curves, and a mathematical model was derived for sole wear, which characterises the wear resistance of soling materials. The relationship between abrasion resistance determined on a Poznac instrument and sole wear resistance was established, and the method is proposed for use instead of existing standard methods. 2 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 1, 2003, pp. 38-41).
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF MOULDING OF LARGE HOUSING COMPONENTS WITH THIN-WALLED GRIDS
Page Range: T/33-35
Author(s): Barvinskii I A; Barvinskaya I E
File size: 138K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
In this study, an analysis of the injection moulding process of a high impact polystyrene television housing with a speaker grille was carried out with the use of the program MPI/Flow from Moldflow. One of the most common faults when moulding components of this type is claimed to be incomplete moulding of the grid. This work therefore, investigates the selection of gates for a cold sprue runner system with tunnel runners. The gate sites were selected so as to ensure an approximate balance of flows in the system. Calculations showed that the best results for filling are obtained using two gate sites removed as far as possible from the speaker grid. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp.3).
Title: TECHNOLOGY OF POLYMER COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH BASALT, CARBON AND GLASS FILAMENTS
Page Range: T/36-39
Author(s): Artemko S E
File size: 53K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The results of a study into the use of polycondensation filling of polymer composites with basalt, carbon and glass filaments, indicate that the method, owing to the intercalation of the monomers leads to an improvement in the conditions of interaction of the synthesised oligomers with fibres, when compared to traditional methods for the production of polymer composites. Such improvements in the properties of the composites are examined, and the effectiveness of modifying basalt plastics is demonstrated. The study presents results for a formulation incorporating basalt filaments and a phenol-formaldehyde matrix. Glass and carbon filaments are used for purposes of comparison. The described technology makes it possible to combine in a single process, the synthesis of the oligomers from monomers directly in the fibrous system, with the subsequent formation of articles with a predetermined structure and properties, and thus greatly reduce the number of stages in the process, and also improve the techno-economic and ecological factors of production. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp.5).
Title: IDENTIFICATION STUDIES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOW-PRESSURE POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/40-43
Author(s): Sveshnikova E S; Ustinova T P; Artemenko S E; Andreeva V V
File size: 67K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
In order to assess the quality of low-pressure PE used in Russian production, the need for the establishment of effective identification parameters for the different grades of LDPE is stated, and suggested techniques are described. It is suggested that IR spectroscopy should be used for the identification of high molecular compounds and for quality control of polymeric products. For a supplementary analysis of the polymer in order to confirm the results of the preliminary identification of LDPE, a qualitative characteristic such as the degree of crystallinity, determined from IR spectroscopy data and X-ray structural analysis, is suggested. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp.7).
Title: REGULATING THE PROPERTIES OF CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/44-47
Author(s): Khotin D V; Ivanova E N; Osipchik V S; Lebedeva E D
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Vulcanisates and materials based on chlorosulphonated polyethylene are used as materials for the development of protective coatings for buildings. In order to modify compositions to meet necessary service conditions, curing agents and modifiers are introduced. This study investigates ways of regulating the properties of chlorosulphonated PE for use as protective coatings for various surfaces, including concrete and metal. To this end, the combined effect of organometallic and organosilicon compounds on the process of cure and on the properties of chlorosulphonated PE is studied. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp.10).
Title: INFLUENCE OF MICROPLASTIC DEFORMATION AND POROSITY ON THE MODULUS OF DEFORMATION OF COMPOSITES
Page Range: T/48-50
Author(s): Bobryshev A N; Kozomazov V N; Avdeev R I; Kurin S V
File size: 35K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The deformation of structurally heterogeneous polymer composites is studied, with respect to the influence of microplastic deformation and porosity on the modulus of deformation. Such deformation is due to the occurrence of excessive local internal stresses, and the subsequent non-simultaneous transition of the regions of the composite into the plastic state. Equations are derived which can be used to determine and predict the change in the strength of porous polymer composites from the change in their deformation characteristics and vice versa. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp.13).
Title: KINETIC PATTERNS OF POLYCONDENSATION OF COPOLYAMIDES WITH LOW MELTING POINT
Page Range: T/51-53
Author(s): Besshaposhnikova V I; Artemenko S E; Polushenko I G
File size: 45K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
Research into the modification of copolyamides to develop a resin with a reduced melting point from Russian raw materials is reported. Such materials are currently used as polymeric adhesive coatings in the production of hot-bonding lining materials. The materials studied were caprolactam as the base monomer and the modifying additives studied included hexamethylene diammonium, PE, and as complex additive (CA) consisting of a mixture of PE, acrylamide, formaldehyde and castor oil. Water was used as the initiator of polycondensation, and the molecular mass regulator was acetic acid. The effect of the nature of these modifiers on the kinetic patterns of the copolymerisation reaction was examined. The resulting copolyamides were studied by determining the flow limit on an extrusion viscometer. The molecular mass, melting point, content of low-molecular fraction being determined by a standard method, and the melt viscosity of the polymer according to the method described in GOST 11034-82. The study established that the modifiers have a catalytic effect and accelerate polycondensation of a copolyamide and also increase the degree of conversion of the monomers while increasing the yield of the final copolymer. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp. 15).
Title: MODIFICATION OF MAGNETIC PLASTICS BASED ON INDUSTRIAL ALLOY Nd-Fe-B
Page Range: T/54-56
Author(s): Artemenko A A; Zaitseva N L; Artemenko S E; Kononenko S G; Sladkov O M; Shchelokov Y V
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
The objective of this study was to find out more about the physicochemical and technological fundamentals of the modification of thermosetting magnetic plastics, on the basis of the technological principle of combining the operations of synthesis, filling and modification of the matrix structure with small additives of differing chemical structure. The modification process was based on the penetration of a mixture of monomers into the structure of a low-porosity Nd-Fe-B alloy with subsequent synthesis of a phenol-formaldehyde oligomer. The effect on functionality and the properties of the synthesised phenol-formaldehyde oligomer was established experimentally, with reference to the composition of the reaction mixture, the type and amount of catalyst, the order of introduction of the components, and the duration of synthesis. It is demonstrated that the modification of a polymer resin during synthesis with different chemical materials, is an effective means of improving the structure and properties of magnetic plastics. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp. 26).
Title: COMPOSITES BASED ON NEW POLYESTERS
Page Range: T/57-59
Author(s): Studentsov V N; Polyakh-Zyuryaeva E V; Tsaplina N V; Kazantsev A V
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
New polyesters were synthesised in this study by the use of non-conventional monomers, and were then used to produce new polymer composites based on the new polymers. The study also investigates the effect of a constant magnetic field on the process of synthesis. The initial monomers used were: diphenylolpropane, glycerol, triethylenetetramine, aminoethylamino ethane, adipic acid, triethanolamine, tartaric acid, and aniline-phenolformaldehyde resins. The fillers used were polycaprolactam and polyacrylonitrile. Using the synthesised resins and fillers, standard specimens were produced for which were determined the following characteristics: compression strength, Brinell hardness, density of the material, water absorption, Vicat softening point, impact strength, static flexural strength, and the degree of conversion of the initial components into a network product, was determined by extraction in acetone at room temperature. The new synthesised polyesters are characterised by their capacity for forming three-dimensional network products from the minimum values for a resin based on diphenylolpropane and glycerol to 95-98% for resins based on glycerol, adipic and tartaric acids. Curing of the new resins in a magnetic field was found to increase the rate of processes by tens of percentage in average strength magnetic fields. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 2, 2003, pp. 27).
Title: METHODS OF DOSIMETRY IN THE RADIATION TREATMENT OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS
Page Range: T/60-66
Author(s): Czuprynska J
File size: 88K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
This article describes the various methods of dosimetry for determining the mean dose in an irradiated material. Particular attention is given to the field of application of various types of dosimeters as well as to the changes taking place under the influence of radiation in the material of calorimeters used in dosimetric measurements and on the method of measuring these changes. Details are given of graphite calorimeters, water calorimeters, polystyrene calorimeters, the ionisation method, absolute and relative dosimetry methods and the use of liquid, solid-state, polymeric dosimeters, organic and inorganic dosimeters. 28 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No. 6, 2003, pp. 410-6).
Title: MODIFYING INTERACTIONS BETWEEN EPOXY RESINS AND POLYURETHANES. 1. POLYMERS WITH OXAZOLIDONE RINGS
Page Range: T/67-70
Author(s): Pokropski T; Balas A
File size: 40K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 10
Abstract
To meet the demands for new polymer materials with improved utility properties, research has been undertaken into the modification of both epoxy resins and polyurethanes, in order to modify both polymers by mixing them with appropriate additives in order to overcome some of the inherent disadvantages associated with the individual polymers. These include inadequate heat resistance of polyurethanes, and the low impact strength of epoxy resins. This article, which is part of an more extensive review of the mutual modification of epoxy resins and polyurethanes, deals with one of the two main directions of research, and makes used of the reaction of epoxide rings with isocyanate groups in the presence of catalysts at a temperature of about 150 degrees C, leading to the formation of heterocyclic oxazolidone rings with high thermal stability. 27 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2003, 48, No. 6, p. 417-20).