Back SearchTitle: DEVELOPMENT OF SIMULATION SOFTWARE FOR THE INJECTION MOULDING OF LIQUID SILICONE RUBBER
Page Range: T/1-8
Author(s): Capellmann R; Haberstroh E; Haeuser T; Wehr H
File size: 123K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Technology for the simulation of the injection moulding of elastomers involves the calculation of the pressure and temperature range during the injection phase based on incompressible material behaviour. It is claimed that previously, no consideration has been given to the influence of the packing phase on the course of the process, and that it has only been possible to simulate the process with a volume flow controlled flow process to volumetric filling. However, with respect to the liquid silicone rubber injection moulding process, volume flow controlled undervolumetric filling with superposed or subsequent thermal expansion, cannot currently be calculated. Research is described in this article, which made it possible to enhance a tool for the simulation of the injection moulding process of liquid silicone rubber, which takes into account undervolumetric filling. 10 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No. 5, 2003, pp.312-7).
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF PRODUCTS BASED ON POLYOXYALKANOATES -DEGRADABLE NATURAL POLYESTERS
Page Range: T/9-13
Author(s): Volova T G; Nekrasov Y P; Shishatskaya E I; Puzyr' A P; Gordeev S A
File size: 130K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Polyoxyalkanoates are a new class of biodegradable polyesters synthesised by microorganisms. Their application as medical films and suture threads is examined, with respect to the physicomechanical and functional properties. Tests were carried out on specimens to establish surface properties, strength, and resistance to sterilisation, including radiation resistance. Results are reported which establish the possibility of using conventional methods for sterilising films and suture threads of polyoxyalkanoates, since strength properties are not adversely affected by heat treatment of irradiation. 13 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.6-8).
Title: DEFORMATION, STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND CRACK RESISTANCE OF SHORT-FIBRE POLYESTER MOULDING COMPOSITIONS (PREMIXES) IN TENSION AND BENDING
Page Range: T/14-19
Author(s): Babaevskii P G; Bel'nik A R; Novitskii M G
File size: 124K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An experimental investigation is reported into the influence of the composition of premixes based on short fibre polyester moulding compounds with respect to the deformation and strength properties and crack resistance of premixes in the cured state under different temperature and rate conditions of tests. This paper sets out and discusses the results of systematic investigations of the influence of the type and number of short glass fibre introduced into pastes of different composition. Tests carried out include tension and bending tests of polyester premixes produced by traditional technology and compression moulded into standard discs. 8 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.9-12).
Title: PHYSICOMECHANICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE TECHNOLOGY FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES WITH ABRASIVE PROPERTIES
Page Range: T/20-23
Author(s): Balashov P B; Artemenko S E; Kononenko S G; Zaitseva N L; Polosukhina M A
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work is in the form of an investigation into the use of abrasive polymeric materials for the production of tools for grinding, finishing and honing. Composite materials based on phenol-formaldehyde are examined with reference to the following: the physicomechanical activity of abrasive dispersed fillers; the selection of type and amount of polymer binder for a particular tool; a study of the mechanism of interaction of the components; the establishment of the relationship between the formulation of the composite and the structure and properties of the abrasive tool; and study of the service properties of the materials developed.. The use of silicon carbide and electrocorundum as abrasive fillers dispersed in phenol-formaldehyde and mixed using a polycondensation filling technique is studied. 19 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp. 13-5).
Title: SURFACE ENERGY AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITES BASED ON POLYVINYL CHLORIDE AND BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE ELASTOMERS
Page Range: T/24-26
Author(s): Ozov K K; Tkhakakhov R B
File size: 38K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work investigates the role played by the surface energy of polymeric components of a blend, which come into contact in the formation of the structure, the physical properties of blends based on them, and to determine at what stage of the preparation of the blend, the surface energy makes its contribution. The values of the work of adhesion, the surface energy, the tensile strength, and the dynamic elastic modulus of the initial components and their composites were determined by experimental means. The study involved the use of blends based on PVC and butadiene-acrylonitrile elastomers containing different numbers of nitrile groups. The materials were mixed by two methods: mixing at a temperature above the Tg of the PVC by introducing the elastomer into molten PVC, and at a temperature below the Tg of PVC by adding PVC powder to the butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber. The surface energy of the composites was investigated using Young's equality method which links the interphase energies of the interacting phases with the wetting angle of the solid by the liquid. It was established that an increase in the polarity of the butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber in the blend, led to a reduction in interphase energy and to an increase in strength and dynamic elastic modulus. 12 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.18-20).
Title: DETERMINATION OF THE DURABILITY (WORKING LIFE) OF POLYSTYRENE FOAM, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT OF ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS
Page Range: T/27-29
Author(s): Yartsev V P; Andrianov K A
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The working life of polystyrene foam in a multilayer thermal insulation construction for buildings is investigated, which takes into account atmospheric effects. Tests were carried out on polystyrene foam protected from direct exposure to climatic factors in laboratory testing, and on polystyrene foam subjected to fluctuations in temperature and humidity under natural conditions and subjected to variable freezing and thawing in laboratory test conditions. Compression and central transverse bending tests were carried out on specimens. A correlation between full-scale and laboratory testing was established which provides an equation which can be used to predict the working life of polystyrene foam in enclosing structures of buildings over 30 days. With long-term exposure of polystyrene foam to atmospheric cyclic effect, laboratory test conditions have been developed that simulate a nominal year of service for the town of Tambov. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.24-6).
Title: CROSSLINKING OF MACROCHAINS IN THE THERMAL DEGRADATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Page Range: T/30-33
Author(s): Yanborisov V M; Minsker K S; Zaikov G E
File size: 61K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This work presents experimental evidence that macrochain crosslinking during the thermal degradation of PVC proceeds with the participation of blocks of conjugated bonds formed by the activation of carbonylallyl groups (CAGs). The research is based on the assumption that if the crosslinking of PVC macromolecules occurs with the participation of polyene sequences, the formation of which is initiated by CAGs, then, as the gel fraction builds up, the sol fraction should become depleted of polyene sequences. The number of such ketopolyenes is determined by the method of hydrolytic breakdown from the change in the intrinsic viscosity of the sol fraction after alkaline hydrolysis of PVC and subsequent calculation by a derived formula. The experimental data indicate that, with an increase in degradation time, there is a gradual fall in the content of ketopolyenes in the sol fraction, and it is asserted that polyene sequences, the formation of which is indicated by CAGs, take a direct role in the crosslinking of macrochains. As part of a broader investigation, the degradation of PVC under conditions of continuous removal of the liberated HCl from the reaction zone by freezing out, was replaced with the introduction of the effective HCl acceptor barium stearate, and PVC specimens with a broader range of CAG content were used. 11 refs.. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.3, 2003, pp.33-5).
Title: EFFECT OF INORGANIC PIGMENTS ON THE LIGHT RESISTANCE OF POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (short article)
Page Range: T/34-36
Author(s): Khashkhozheva L R; Borukaev T A; Mashukov N I
File size: 67K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The use is investigated of inorganic pigments in polybutylene terephthalate compositions in order to provide resistance to UV degradation. Iron oxide, aluminium oxide, magnesium oxide and calcium carbonate are used as additives in this work. The results given, make it possible to follow the change in the properties of composites based on PBTP and these inorganic light stabilisers under UV irradiation. The resistance of the stabilised PBTP was assessed from the change in physicomechanical properties during photooxidative ageing for 480 h. The melt flow index was used as a parameter for assessing the stability of PBTP, and mechanical tensile tests were conducted to assess deformation and strength characteristics. Favourable results indicate that such inorganic light stabilisers can be recommended for practical application in PBTP. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.36-7).
Title: MODIFICATION OF POLYSTYRENE AS A MEANS OF REDUCING THE ECOLOGICAL HAZARD DURING HAZARD
Page Range: T/37-39
Author(s): Antonov Y S; Semina O Y; Zubkova N S; Butylkina N G
File size: 50K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Combustion modification of polystyrene is investigated in order to reduce the number of fires and deaths resulting from toxic combustion products. The use of phosphorous-containing flame retardants is studied with respect to their inhibition of oxidative processes in condensed phase, and their reduction in the amount of flammable compounds released into the gas phase of pyrolysis, which leads to a reduction in flammability and the general toxicity of combustion products. To lower the flammability of polystyrene, nitrogen-containing derivatives of methylphosphonic acid, in particular, ammonium salt of nitrilotrismethylene-phosphonic acid and fireproofing agent T-2 which contains ammonium salt of methylphosphonic acid amide, were used as phosphorous-containing flame retardants. In order to increase thermal stability and improve processing conditions, the flame retardants were encapsulated in a silicon-containing shell, and introduced into the polystyrene melt during moulding. The oxygen index method was used to estimate the amount of flammable products formed during thermooxidative breakdown, and thermogravimetric analysis was used to study the process of thermooxidative degradation. The study concluded that nitrogen-containing derivatives of methylphosphonic acid as flame retardants for polystyrene provided a sufficiently high fireproofing effect for polystyrene, and have no significant effect on processing conditions. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.38-39).
Title: CERTAIN PRINCIPLES OF CONTROLLING THE PERMEABILITY OF POLYMERIC PACKAGING MATERIALS
Page Range: T/40-44
Author(s): Ukhartseva I Y; Gol'dade V A; Parkalova E I
File size: 53K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Tests were conducted on industrial films of low density PE in order to investigate the water vapour permeability and gas permeability of the films for use in packaging applications requiring barrier properties. Films of varying thicknesses were subjected to irradiation, plasma treatment, and corona discharge, and the water vapour permeability was determined by the gravimetric method from the weight gain of the desiccators. It was found that such physical modification could be used to control permeability. In order to study the possibility of adsorption by the film surface of different gas-absorbing compounds, the wetting angle of these materials was measured. Results indicate a reduction in the wetting angle for all the media tested, which promotes an increase in the permeability of LDPE films and is one of the variants of the surface treatment oft material in order to increase sorption properties. An assessment is also made of the effect of fillers on the permeability of films. 23 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp. 40-42).
Title: TECHNOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCING A FLAT THREAD FROM POLYPROPYLENE
Page Range: T/45-46
Author(s): Gurvich Y V
File size: 26K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
In order to produce strong and elastic flat polymer thread for the production of PP sacks produced on a circular loom, it was necessary to strengthen the thread by the process of uniaxial orientation. Parameters are identified by which to optimise the orientation of the thread with respect to heating temperature during orientation and the degree of elongation during uniaxial orientation. 2 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.42-43).
Title: REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE WITH POLYAMIDE FIBRES
Page Range: T/47-48
Author(s): Dem'yanova V S; Kalashnikov V I; Minenko E Y
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Concrete reinforced with nylon fibres is investigated, using lengths of fibre of 6, 12, and 18 mm with doses of fibre of 0.4, 1.0 and 1.6 kg/m³ concrete consumption. It was established that the introduction of fibre into the concrete mixture promoted a significant increase in the strength of the concrete both in compression and in bend. The investigation identified optimum fibre lengths and contents. It established that the reinforcement of concrete with fibres of 18 mm length, combined with dispersed powder polymers, promoted a significant increase in the strength of the concrete in both bend and compression, with fibre doses of no less than 1.5 - 1.6 kg/m³.3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.44-5).
Title: ELASTIC-DEFORMATION DISPERSION OF WOOD-CELLULOSE MATERIALS
Page Range: T/49-52
Author(s): Akhmetknanov R M; Kadyrov R G; Minsker K S
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
As a solution to the effective processing of renewable wood-cellulose feedstock, the method of elastic deformation dispersions is applied to the problem of adequate dispersion of cellulose fillers, and ecological considerations. This work reports on the elastic deformation dispersion of wood-cellulose materials (sawdust, paper, cardboard, cotton, etc.)in the presence of at least 25 wt% LDPE, using a single screw rotary disperser designed by the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Variable parameters included the temperature between the zones of the apparatus, the pressure, and the screw rotational speed. The morphology of the particles was assessed via optical microscopy, the bulk density and settling density by gravimetric analysis, and the melt flow index and adsorption effectiveness of the powders to petroleum were also determined. From mixtures of wood-cellulose materials containing more than 35 wt.% LDPE, sheet and profiled articles were produced by compression moulding. By means of elastic deformation dispersion, it is shown to be possible to produce a highly dispersed secondary material form used laminated cardboard food packaging of the 'Tetra Pak' type, without additional components. The laminating PE layer in the packaging is a secondary additive in the dispersion of cardboard, and at the same time, serves as a binder component in the subsequent production of sheet materials by compression moulding, and as adsorbents of petroleum and petroleum products. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.45-7).
Title: PROCESSING OF NON-WOVEN SYNTHETIC WASTE FROM THE PRODUCTION OF VEHICLE FLOOR COVERINGS
Page Range: T/53-54
Author(s): Tselishcheva T I; Gubina N A; Val'tsifer V A
File size: 31K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Details are given of a process layout for the recovery of waste from the production of 'Mistra' vehicle floor coverings. The floor coverings comprise a non-woven base of synthetic fibres held together by thermoplastic. The covering is produced from polyamide fibre and binder is polypropylene. It was proposed that the polymer blend be separated into the individual components during boiling in a non-polar solvent, (octane). The PP dissolves in the solvent, while the remaining unchanged polyamide is filtered off. The PP is separated from the solvent by cooling and with subsequent filtering. The process layout for the operation is described and illustrated. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 3, 2003, pp.47-48).
Title: FEATURES OF ADSORPTION PROCESSES IN THE PRODUCTION OF ABRASIVE POLYMERIC MATERIALS
Page Range: T/55-57
Author(s): Balashov P B; Artemenko S E; Kononenko S G; Rodzivilova I S; Zaitseva N L; Polosukhina M A
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
A study is reported into the adsorption processes in an aniline-phenol-formaldehyde binder-abrasive filler system, as part of the interaction of polymer-filler in abrasive composite systems. Grades of silicon carbide and electrocorundum were investigated as abrasive fillers, and the adsorption of an oligomer from weak alcohol-acetone solutions on the surface of abrasive grains was studied using refractometry. The limiting degrees of adsorption were determined, and the greatest was observed on silicon carbide due to its greater specific surface and porosity. Data on the limiting degree of adsorption were used to calculate the thickness of the adsorption layer and the equilibrium constant. The main thermodynamic characteristics of the process of adsorption of aniline-phenol-formaldehyde resin on the solid surface of abrasive fillers was calculated and the relationship between the limiting degree of adsorption, the thickness of the adsorption layer, and the adhesive strength of abrasive polymeric materials was demonstrated. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.6-7).
Title: COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON SEGMENTED POLYURETHANE AND POLYHYDROXYBUTYRATE
Page Range: T/58-61
Author(s): Ol'khov A A; Lordanskii A L; Vlasov S V; Kruchinina E K
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The modification of segmented polyurethanes for use as medical films is investigated, and the use of biopolymeric modifiers is described. Use is made of polyhydroxybutyrate as a biopolymer of bacterial origin in blends with segmented polyether-urethane in order to improve the haemocompatibility of the latter. Tests were carried out to determine the physicomechanical properties and kinetics of water vapour permeability of the films. A procedure involving the application of IR spectroscopy is proposed for the quantitative determination of the content of segmented PU and polyhydroxybutyrate in mixed films. The method proposes the use of an internal standard absorption band which takes into account the error of measurement that is due to thickness variation of the films, and as a result, the existence of phase inversion, the concentration of ingredients, and the existence of a maximum on the dependences of the coefficient of stationary water vapour permeability and the tensile elastic modulus on the composition of the blend. 15 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.8-10).
Title: THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS BASED ON ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER COMBINED WITH CERTAIN POLYMERS
Page Range: T/62-63
Author(s): Akhmetkhanov R M; Vol'fson S I; Minsker K S
File size: 33K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The aim of this work is to produce mixed thermoplastic elastomers, (MTPEs) based on ternary ethylene-propylene rubber of grade SKEPT-50 with a content of dicyclopentadiene of 1.3% combined with a highly dispersed mixture of ABS, a vulcanisate based on SKI-3 isoprene rubber, and flat fibrous material (cellulose-based paper bag), together with LDPE. A problem of using ABS, vulcanisate and paper combined with thermoplastics in the manufacture of corresponding materials, is the impossibility of producing by standard methods, finely dispersed powder products that can be readily mixed with rubbers. This is solved by the use of the relatively new, ecologically safe method of elastic strain dispersion, where the breakdown of solids occurs under conditions of intense pressure-with-shear force effects, using a single-screw rotary disperser designed by the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences.. Certain elastic mechanical characteristics of MTPEs based on SKEPT with the addition of powder polymeric material with 15% LDPE, produced by the method of elastic strain dispersion, are tabulated. 5 refs.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, p.16)
Title: EFFECT OF THERMOMAGNETIC TREATMENT ON THE THERMOPHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS
Page Range: T/64-67
Author(s): Zelenev Y V; Kirik G V; Stadnik A D
File size: 59K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An investigation is reported into the effect of thermomagnetic treatment of certain polymers, in particular, the processes of melting and crystallisation of PE and PVDF, and also the process of curing epoxy resin, using the method of differential thermal analysis. Structural changes which occurred in polymers during thermomagnetic treatment are accompanied by changes in their thermophysical and mechanical properties. The observed relationship between change in the magnetic, thermophysical, and mechanical properties under the action of thermomagnetic treatment, (TMT) are said to indicate that these effects have a general nature, and additional change in these properties can be expected in polymer composites subjected to TMT. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.17-9).
Title: EFFECT OF POLARISATION ON THE ELECTROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FERRITE-FILLED LIQUID DISPERSED SYSTEMS
Page Range: T/68-71
Author(s): Tsvetkova E A; Ukhartseva I Y; Shalamov I V; Gol'dade V A
File size: 59K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
In any liquid dispersed system, the mechanism of structural polarisation, connected with strain of the moving structural network of the system without loss of its integrity, is important for the analysis of the state of the polymer in an electric field and the study of this mechanism is a prerequisite for creating a physical model of the process of charge transfer and accumulation in polymer-solvent systems. An investigation is carried out on a system consisting of an alcoholic solution of polyvinylbutyral and dispersed barium ferrite. Results are presented of the investigation into the behaviour of the 'polymer-organic solvent-magnetic substance' system in an electrical field. This constitutes one of the components in the study of the mechanism of structural polarisation in low-conduction liquid dispersed systems for the creation of composite materials. 8 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp. 19-21).
Title: GEL-FREE PROCESS OF SAPONIFICATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE ACETATE IN WATER-ALCOHOL MEDIA
Page Range: T/72-76
Author(s): Boiko V V; Kuznetsov A A; Semenova G K; Tsar'kova M S; Krasovskii V G
File size: 69K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
A new application for polyvinyl alcohol is in high strength, high modulus fibres for use in antiballistic and composite materials, as a replacement for UHMWPE fibres. The production of polyvinyl alcohol by the methanolysis of polyvinyl acetate is known to be accompanied by a sharp change in the phase state of the system, leading to gelation. In an attempt to overcome this undesirable process, an investigation is carried out and reported into the possibility of establishing a method for the production of polyvinyl alcohol that makes it possible to eliminate gelation, by the use of mixtures of aliphatic alcohols with water. The saponification of polyvinyl acetate in aqueous phase by the mechanism of water-alcohol hydrolysis was carried out on samples of varying molecular weights in absolute aliphatic alcohols and in water-alcohol mixtures. Results are discussed, which confirm the viability of the process for the production of PVA by saponification in water-alcohol media. 18 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.22-4).