Back SearchTitle: DIRECTIVE ON END-OF-LIFE VEHICLES AND THE RUBBER INDUSTRY - RUBBER AND TOXIC MATERIALS
Page Range: T/1-11
Author(s): Kuschel R; Streit G
File size: 286K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Community deals with the treatment of end-of-life vehicles. Although rubber products are not hazardous materials, they may contain hazardous ingredients as defined by the Hazardous Substances Ordinance. Specific reference is made to rubber ingredients such as fillers, pigments, and metal oxides and organic compounds, with particular reference to disposal of rubber components. This article describes the problem of how to supply the required information. It specifies obligations for automotive manufacturers and their suppliers, including the time scales for the implementation of the requirements of the car industry, with the aid of examples. 15 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No. 6, 2003, pp.379).
Title: BINARY MIXTURES AND ADHESIVE COMPOUNDS OF CHLORINE-CONTAINING POLYMERS WITH UNSATURATED ELASTOMERS
Page Range: T/12-18
Author(s): Zhovner N A; Zhovner T P; Chernook S I
File size: 92K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The covulcanisation of chlorine-containing polymers with elastomers which differ in their degree of unsaturation is examined. Materials studied included engineering chlorinated polymers - PVC, chlorinated polyisoprene, chlorinated polychloroprene, chlorinated PE, PTCB, chlorosulphonated PE, polyisobutylene, sulphur-regulated polychloroprene, sulphur- and thiol-regulated polychloroprene, thiol-regulated polychloroprene, and chlorobutyl rubber, and also piperidine-treated PCP-TR. Mixtures of several chlorine-containing polymers with unsaturated polydiene elastomers were studied. An investigation is reported into the patterns of participation of the labile chlorine atoms of the chlorine-containing polymers in reactions of anomalous unrestricted crosslinking between the chlorine-containing polymer and other components that differ from it in their degree of unsaturation. The correlation of the kinetic parameters of dehydrochlorination and vulcanisation of polychloroprene, and of its covulcanisation with other elastomers having different degrees of unsaturation, is shown to confirm the determining role played by reactive chlorine atoms and intermediate or end products of dehydrochlorination of the chlorine-containing polymers in covulcanisation reactions. 23 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.2)
Title: EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND TENSILE DEFORMATION ON THE RATE OF OXIDATION OF A CONDUCTIVE POLYISOPRENE COMPOSITION
Page Range: T/19-22
Author(s): Gul' V E; Kirsh I A
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The effect is studied of factors such as the action of an electric current and tensile deformation, on the oxidation of polymeric materials. Use was made of an apparatus for the accelerated ageing of electroconductive polymeric compositions, in which changes in pressure in the system in which the specimen is tested are recorded. By this means, oxidation with simultaneous stretching could take place. It was found that when an electric current is passed through the specimens, the initial region of the kinetic curves of oxidation is characterised by the release of gaseous products. It was shown that the maximum rate of oxidation and pressure change were greater when the electric current and deformation were applied simultaneously, than when either of these effects was used on its own. Changes in the electrical resistance as a function of the degree of tensile deformation of conductive polyisoprene were noted. Thus, the service life of an article made from polyisoprene could be calculated using the results obtained from a study of the dependence of the electrical resistance of the compositions on the time of ageing with the simultaneous action of electric current and deformation. 5 refs.(Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.8).
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF SULPHUR VULCANISATION OF NITRILE RUBBER IN CONTACT WITH METALS
Page Range: T/23-25
Author(s): Lin D G; Sedlyarova S N
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The sulphur vulcanisation of nitrile rubber in contact with metals is investigated. The participation of sulphur in the reactions of sulphidation of the metal and crosslinking of the rubber from the perspective of overall consumption of the sulphur is studied in order to understand the mechanism of formation of adhesion contact and the factors determining the strength of adhesive bonds of sulphur vulcanisates with brass, zinc, and copper. Experiments were carried out to assess the rate of sulphidation of the substrate. Adhesion of the vulcanisate to the substrate was characterised by the peeling resistance of the metal sheet from the rubber layer. 7 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.11)
Title: NEW APPROACH TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF OZONE RESISTANCE OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS BASED ON BUTADIENE-NITRILE RUBBERS
Page Range: T/26-29
Author(s): Puchkov A F; Reva S V; Kablov V F; Turenko S V
File size: 112K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
In order to prevent the local occurrence of thermo-oxidative process in compounds based on combinations of rubbers (butadiene and nitrile rubbers) with PVC, the principal of gradually filling up local areas of degradation in compounds based on BNR with a blend of anti-ageing stabilisers, is demonstrated. The PVC phase is saturated with the stabiliser so filling the boundary layer. Saturation was carried out via the stage of formation of PVC plastisols, with subsequent gelling. Blends of stabiliser in a eutectic condition or with a high eutectic content were employed. High ozone resistance of the vulcanisates was achieved with a content of 20 pbm of PD-1 plasticiser blend and 80 pbm of rubber. 8 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.20).
Title: INFLUENCE OF THE STRUCTURE OF DERIVATIVES OF 3-PHENOXYBENZYLIDENEANILINE ON THE PROPERTIES OF RUBBER MIXES
Page Range: T/30-32
Author(s): Novakov I A; Novopol'tseva O M; Popov Y V; Korchagina T K; Chicherina G V; Tankov D Y
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The incorporation of ingredients with multifunctional properties into elastomer compositions is studied, with reference to the use of azomethines in a polyisoprene compound, where their ability to act as vulcanisation accelerators, stabilisers and adhesion-enhancing additives, is demonstrated. The structure of the azomethine compounds determines their function. It was shown that the introduction of functional groups into the benzene ring of the aniline led to an increase in the effectiveness of 3'-phenoxybenzylideneaniline as secondary vulcanisation accelerators, and to a decrease in their effectiveness as adhesion promoters. It was established that 3'-phenoxybenzylideneaniline is an ingredient with a polyfunctional action, showing simultaneously, the properties of an effective adhesion promoter, an anti-fatigue agent, and a secondary accelerator. 12 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.27).
Title: ELASTIC-STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS CONTAINING RUBBER CRUMB TREATED WITH A SOLUTION OF SK1-3 POLYISOPRENE IN AN AROMATIC OIL
Page Range: T/33-35
Author(s): Polyakov O G; Popova G A; Bass Y P
File size: 59K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The use of rubber crumb as an elastic filler in rubber compounds is discussed with reference to modification of the surface of the crumb particles in order to increase the bond strength at the point of contact between the crumb particle and the rubber matrix. Modifying the surface of the crumb particles with a layer of low-molecular elastomer, which can then be covulcanised with the rubber part of the matrix makes it possible to retain a fairly high level of elastic strength properties of the compound with a content of fine particle crumb of as high as 75%, it is claimed. In this report, results are given of a study of the effects of treating rubber crumb with a solution of SK1-3 in an aromatic plasticiser, on the properties of the rubber compounds and secondary vulcanisates. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.32).
Title: NPP Tekhnobior have developed a range of highly effective general-purpose industrial cleaning agents for removing carbon deposits from moulds, and for removing oil, petroleum, coked, oxidic carbonate and other deposits from various surfaces including metallic surfaces. The products are available as alkaline and acidic preparations, and all of the products consist of a composition based on a complex of biodegradable surface-active agents, corrosion inhibitors and other additives. Brief product details are given. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.44).
Page Range: T/36
Author(s): Konoplev D A
File size: 17K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
NPP Tekhnobior have developed a range of highly effective general-purpose industrial cleaning agents for removing carbon deposits from moulds, and for removing oil, petroleum, coked, oxidic carbonate and other deposits from various surfaces including metallic surfaces. The products are available as alkaline and acidic preparations, and all of the products consist of a composition based on a complex of biodegradable surface-active agents, corrosion inhibitors and other additives. Brief product details are given. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 2, 2003, pp.44).
Title: DEPENDENCE OF THE MELTING POINT OF CROSSLINKED POLYCHLOROPRENE ON THE DEGREE OF PRELIMINARY ELONGATION
Page Range: T/37-39
Author(s): Aloev V Z; Kozlov G V; Novikov V U; Zaikov G E
File size: 39K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
In the study of the thermodynamic properties of crosslinked polymer frameworks, an increase in the melting point of the crystalline phase as the degree of elongation increases, has been found. It is suggested that this effect may be due to a change in the statistical flexibility of the chain during elongation. This effect is described by a modified model which examines the dependence of the melting point on the crosslink density of the framework. This model is examined in detail. 9 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.2-3).
Title: MOLECULAR-KINETIC THEORY OF THE FORMATION OF A POLYMER-SOLID CONTACT
Page Range: T/40-43
Author(s): Naumenko V Y
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
Mathematical models are presented to describe the molecular-kinetic theory of the formation of a polymer-solid contact, with particular reference to their use in rubber to metal bonding applications. The dynamic quartz resonator method was used to indicate the kinetic dependences of shift of the resonance frequency of piezoquartz when in contact with butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer. It is established that there exists several types of macromolecule chain segment bond with the solid surface, and that at certain amplitudes of displacement from the surfaces in contact, the system will be brought out of thermodynamic equilibrium. The mathematical model is claimed to describe well the relaxation processes during the formation of molecular contact of the polymer with the piezoquartz surface. 8 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.4-6).
Title: STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF THE VULCANISATION NETWORKS OF POLYISOPRENE BLENDS
Page Range: T/44-47
Author(s): Nikitina E L; Usachev S V; Zubov V A
File size: 56K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
This work reports on an investigation of the structure of the vulcanisation networks in the case of unfilled rubber mixes of natural rubber and SKI-3 polyisoprene. The parameters of the vulcanisation network were calculated from date of sol-gel analysis and by means of the Mooney-Rivlin empirical equation. The dependences of the number of active chains, crosslinked molecules and crosslinks on the ratio of rubbers are given. It was shown that for natural rubber, the rate of structure formation and the degree of crosslinking of the rubbers is higher than for the polyisoprene, due to the presence in the NR of non-rubber components, possessing the properties of vulcanisation accelerators. By changing the ratio of the blend, it was found to be possible to create composites possessing an identical modulus of the networks, but a different ratio of physical and chemical crosslinks. Vulcanisates with a NR content of 80 parts are characterised by a greater dynamic modulus, a lower coefficient of internal friction, and a lower relative hysteresis. 6 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.6-9).
Title: ROLE OF VULCANISATION STRUCTURES IN THE FORMATION OF STRENGTH AND CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF VULCANISATES
Page Range: T/48-50
Author(s): Nikitin Y N; Nikitin I Y; Kornev A E
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The role of vulcanisation structures in the formation of strength and electrical conductivity of vulcanisates is examined. The physicomechanical properties of sulphur-free vulcanisates with 50 parts carbon black are tabulated. The influence of the composition of the vulcanising group on the change of volume resistivity during elongation and on relaxation of volume resistivity is examined for vulcanisates based on butadiene-methylstyrene rubber with 50 parts carbon black. Results obtained are claimed to confirm previously published concepts concerning the molecular-colloidal organisation of the structure of reinforced vulcanisates. 12 refs. (Article translated from Kauch i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp. 9-11)
Title: USE OF CHLOROPRENE LATEX FOR THE IMPREGNATION OF NON-WOVEN MATERIAL
Page Range: T/51-52
Author(s): Dedov A V
File size: 29K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
An investigation is reported into the dependence of the mechanical properties of impregnated non-woven material on its content of chloroprene rubber. Tests were conducted on non-woven material made from polyester fibre impregnated with the latex and squeezed between rolls after impregnation. The mechanical properties of the non-woven material are mainly determined by the mobility of its structural units comprising individual fibres or their bundles, connected by drawing through by needle serrations. Limitation of the mobility of the structural units, which arises as a result of friction between the fibres in the bundle or mechanical entanglement between the bundles, leads to the appearance of high local stresses exceeding the strength of the fibres. It was found that the maximum mechanical characteristics of the non-woven material are achieved with a rubber content of between 100-150 wt.%. 3 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.11-2).
Title: FEATURES OF THE COMPOUNDING OF VULCANISATES WITH HIGH-POROSITY FURNACE BLACK
Page Range: T/53-56
Author(s): Nikitin Y N; Rodionov V A; Khodakova S Y
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
High porosity furnace black was used in the compounding of vulcanisates and results were compared those achieved using a control-type of carbon black, with the aim of achieving possible improvements in their conduction and strength properties, and by optimisation of the composition of the sulphur-sulphenamide vulcanising group. High porosity carbon black differs from standard-production black in its surface microstructure and in the level of electron exchange interaction with nitrogen-containing accelerators, which lowers the effectiveness of sulphur vulcanisation of the rubber. Optimum filling with high-porosity carbon black was achieved with a content of 40-60 parts. The replacement of the sulphur-sulphenamide vulcanising group with alkylphenol-formaldehyde resin and Nairit KR-50 polychloroprene led to a shift in the optimum filling with respect to strength and conductivity of the vulcanisates, and provided a higher carbon black content. It was shown to be possible to create vulcanisates which combine the electrical conductivity of semiconductors with high static strength and dynamic fatigue strength, characterised by resistance to hydrocarbon oils and chemicals, low and high temperatures, and thermooxidative and atmospheric effects. 7 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.16-9).
Title: PLASTICISERS FOR BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE RUBBERS
Page Range: T/57-59
Author(s): Shilov I B; Khlebov G A; Fomin S V
File size: 49K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
The need to find replacement materials for scarce compounding ingredients such as plasticisers in Russia for the production of mechanical rubber goods, is addressed in this research. For vulcanisates based on polar rubbers, new home-produced plasticisers have been proposed: an ester of C5-C9 synthetic fatty acids and pentaerythritol (PET), tichloroethyl phosphate (TCEP) and esters of C18 fatty acids and pentaerythritol. The volatility of PET, TCEP and certain known plasticisers for polar rubbers, was investigated on a Paulik-Paulik-Erdei derivatograph. In addition, the compatibility of the products with butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, was determined at room temperature by the method of equilibrium swelling and the Huggins parameter which characterises the interaction between a rubber and the medium in which it is swelling. Results are given which demonstrate that the suitability of the new home-produced plasticisers PET and TCEP for use with butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers with a low content of acrylonitrile. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.23-5).
Title: DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROCESSING OF NATURAL RUBBER ADHESIVES FOR REPAIRING RUBBER ARTICLES
Page Range: T/60-61
Author(s): Kukushkin S Y; Lyusova L R; Glagolev V A; Potapov E E
File size: 28K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
This work discusses the development and investigation of adhesive composites as components of self-vulcanising 'plaster with adhesion layer-adhesive' adhesion systems. Consideration is given to their modification, with the aim of improving the quality of the repair materials. Malaysian natural rubber RSS-1 and Vietnamese natural rubber SVR-3L were investigated as polymer bases for adhesives for repairing rubber articles. New technology was proposed for the plasticisation of NR, which consisted of passing the rubber three times through a so-called zero gap on a mill with a roll temperature of 40-50 degrees C without roll fit and without notching. The observed increase in strength of the adhesive joint (by more than a factor of 2) was due to the presence in the rubber of a small amount of high molecular weight fractions ensuring a high cohesion strength of the adhesive film. The proposed method for making natural rubber adhesives for repairing rubber articles consisted in the simultaneous use in adhesives of rubbers with different degrees of plasticisation, making it possible to produce adhesive composites containing both high and low molecular weight fractions. Quinolic ester was used as the accelerator, since it is known to act as an effective structure-forming agent and adhesion promoter. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No. 3, 2003, pp.26-7).
Title: DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SYNTACTIC PLASTIC FOAMS WITH POLYORGANOSILOXANE BINDER IN THE ULTRAHIGH FREQUENCY REGION
Page Range: T/62-65
Author(s): Chukhlanov V Y; Kireev V V
File size: 59K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
Syntactic plastic foams, comprising hollow glass microspheres and organosilicon polymer binder materials are investigated as to their suitability for use in instruments and devices whose operating principle is based on the use of ultrahigh frequency electromagnetic energy (greater than 300 MHz). This study sets out to study the dielectric characteristics of syntactic plastic foams, and to examine the influence of the nature and ratio of the binder and filler on these properties. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.25-7).
Title: STABILISATION OF CONCRETE MIXTURES AGAINST SEPARATION USING POLYMERIC ADDITIVES
Page Range: T/66-68
Author(s): Kalashnikov V I; Dem'yanova; Duboshina N M; Kalashnikov D V
File size: 49K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
In order to prevent water separation in concrete mixtures, the use of polymeric additives was investigated in order to stabilise cement-water suspensions. Both home-produced (polyethylene oxide) and foreign (cellulose esters) stabilisers were investigated. Fillers were also used as settling agents, and the stabilising function of the polymer additives was assessed on concrete mixtures using heavy dense natural fillers such as broken granite, and dense artificial fillers produced b crushing waste from the production of heavy lead silicate glasses. Results are obtained, which demonstrate the efficiency of these plasticisers in the stabilisation of concrete mixtures against separation. 2 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.38-9).
Title: POLYMERS IN FRICTION UNITS OF THE ENDOPROSTHESES OF JOINTS
Page Range: T/69-72
Author(s): Tsvetkova E A
File size: 127K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
An overview is presented of the use of polymers in artificial joint implants. It is claimed that the use in the friction units of total artificial joints, of a combination of materials (polymer-metal and polymer-ceramic) is the most acceptable solution. The wear characteristics of such combinations are discussed, with reference to use of specific polymers, and details are given of recent developments. 23 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.40-2).
Title: PROCEDURE FOR ASSESSING THE CRACKING RESISTANCE OF PROTECTIVE-DECORATIVE COATINGS
Page Range: T/73-75
Author(s): Loganina V I; Makarova L V
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 12
Abstract
A procedure is proposed for the assessment of the cracking resistance of protective-decorative coatings on the external walls of buildings. Polyvinyl acetate cement and polymer-lime paints were used as paint formulations, and a cement-sand solution was used as the base layer. After curing, the paint solution specimens were subjected to alternate freezing and defrosting, and also to moistening and heat ageing. A Vickers indenter was used to measure the diameter of the indentation and the radial crack lengths, and the Vickers hardness was also calculated. Results indicate that both coatings suffered embrittlement following alternate freezing and thawing, but that following the introduction into the PVAC paint formulation of a fibre microfiller, (asbestos), no embrittlement was observed. These, and other findings form the basis for recommendations in the development of paint formulations, and for carrying out research using the described two-stage procedure for assessing the cracking resistance of coatings. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 4, 2003, pp.43-4).