Back SearchTitle: CARBON NANOTUBES - A NEW CLASS OF FLAME RETARDANTS FOR POLYMERS
Page Range: T/1-6
Author(s): Beyer G
File size: 82K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Flame retardant nanocomposites were synthesised by melt blending EVA with multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Flame retardant properties measured using a cone calorimeter revealed that the incorporation of a multi-wall carbon nanotube into EVA significantly reduces the peak heat release rate compared to the unfilled EVA. The EVA/nanotube composites were found to have better peak heat release rates than those based on modified layered silicates. The formation of a thermally insulating crust which was poorly permeable to gaseous polymer decomposition products is reported to be the most important factor determining these improvements. In addition, a synergistic effect is reported from the combination of carbon nanotubes and modified layered silicates, which resulted in an overall more perfectly closed surface with improved heat release values. 14 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.9, 2002, p.596).
Title: POLY(PHENYLENE SULPHIDE): PROPERTIES AND ADHESION PERFORMANCE
Page Range: T/7-12
Author(s): Krueger G
File size: 61K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The processing methods used for the production of polyphenylene sulphide components are said to result in PPS materials with differing ductility and bonding properties. The choice of adhesive for the bonding of PPS components with other materials is considered, and also the appropriate use of surface adhesion promoting treatments. Tests on unreinforced PPS sheets and mineral filled solid PPS samples are carried out to determine the required states of activation to obtain high strength adhesive bonds with different pretreatments. 15 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.12, 2002,p.786).
Title: APPLICATION OF BUTADIENE-VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE COPOLYMER IN THE COMPOSITION OF RUBBER MIXES
Page Range: T/13-16
Author(s): Averko-Antonovich I Y; Fomina L I; Safina N P; Yakovleva T P; Galimzyanov R S; Khametzyanov D G; Kondrat'eva E L; Kopytova T G
File size: 61K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Chloroprene rubber is purchased from abroad in Russia which has led to the marked reduction in the production of individual mechanical rubber goods, it is claimed. The Kazan' Synthetic Rubber Works is producing DVKhB-70 butadiene-vinylidene chloride copolymer latex containing 35-37 wt.% combined chlorine, equivalent to the chlorine content of chloroprene rubber. Problems relating to its proneness to gelation and the question of its formation and practical application are addressed in the nature of a blend with for the partial replacement of polychloroprene. The influence of SKVKh-B-70 content in rubber blends on the properties of rubber mixes and vulcanisates is discussed. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.2-4).
Title: EFFECT OF OXIDISED GRAPHITE ON THE VISCOSITY OF BUTADIENE-STYRENE LATEX
Page Range: T/17-18
Author(s): Dedov A V
File size: 37K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Oxidised graphite is regarded as an active filler, capable of changing the properties of elastomers in a wide range. The introduction of oxidised graphite into latices leads to a change in their rheological characteristics, making them suited for use in applications such as impregnation or coating. A study was made of the influence of the content of oxidised graphite on the viscosity of butadiene-styrene latex, and its action is compared with that of talc and fibre filler based on dispersed cellulose. The increase in the viscosity of compositions compared with the use of corresponding amounts of talc is reported to be due to the presence on the surface of the oxidised graphite particles of polar acid groups which leads to a greater stability of the agglomerates of filler particles. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.5-6).
Title: THERMO-MECHANOCHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE RUBBER BY CHLORINE-CONTAINING REAGENTS
Page Range: T/19-22
Author(s): Andriasyan Y O; Popov A A; Razumovskii S D; Ronkin G M
File size: 53K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
An investigation is reported into the mechanism of the modification by chlorine-containing reagents of elastomers in whose macromolecular chain there are no double bonds. It was assumed that in this case, the interaction of the functional groups of the elastomer with the chlorine-containing reagent, will either not take place at all, or proceed by a telomerisation mechanism. It was previously established that the mechanism of reactions of the functional groups of an elastomer with a chlorine-containing reagent is determined by the nature of mechanochemical transformations occurring in the polymer phase. A study of the thermomechanical transformations of an ethylene-propylene rubber is reported. Changes in molecular weight, gel fraction content and the temperature of spontaneous heating of the rubber was studied as a function of the duration of mechanical treatment which amounted to between 5 and 60 minutes. The results indicate that an elastomer with a saturated macromolecular structure under conditions of thermomechanical action is capable of interacting with chlorine-containing saturated hydrocarbons. 8 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.6-9).
Title: EUTECTIC ALLOY OF ANTI-AGERS PRECIPITATED ON SILICA
Page Range: T/23-25
Author(s): Puchov A F; Reva S V; Spiridonova M P; Ogrel A M
File size: 67K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Antiager PRS-1 is a blend of Diaphen FP and acetonanyl R eutectic alloy absorbed on silica. It is used in place of Diaphen FP in rubber mixes for the carcass of diagonal construction tyres. An investigation was carried out on the physical state of Diaphen FP-Acetonanyl R eutectic alloy, and also on the parameters of interaction of the alloy and its constituent components with rubber. It was shown that PRS-1 is characterised by prolonged participation in the suppression of thermooxidative processes occurring in vulcanisates used for off-the-road construction tyres. 2 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.9-12)
Title: PREDICTION OF THE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLACK FROM ITS PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Page Range: T/26-28
Author(s): Esikov B M; Lyapina L A; Ivanitskii M A
File size: 41K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The criterion used as the performance of carbon black is the nominal stress under 300% elongation, which is a measure of the rigidity of the material, characterising its resistance to strain development. This index is claimed to largely determine the strength, dynamic strength and wear resistance of filled rubber compounds. By increasing the 300% elongation of rubber compounds, it is possible to lower the tread wear of the large tyres of a quarry dump truck by 20%. To this end, the functional interrelation between 300% elongation of rubber compounds and the physicochemical properties of carbon black is investigated using an analysis of data of the ASTM D 1765-95 standard. The legitimacy of using the established dependence for predicting the 300% elongation of standard rubber compounds was checked experimentally on a series of carbon black specimens, and tests were conducted in a standard rubber compound based on butadiene-styrene rubber. 9 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, pp.12-4)
Title: OPTIMISATION OF THE PROPERTIES OF ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE ELASTOMERS WITH HIGHLY POROUS CARBON BLACK AND GRAPHITE
Page Range: T/29-31
Author(s): Nikitin Y N; Y In; Akin V I; Nicotine Y
File size: 56K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The use is investigated of binary combinations of carbon black and graphite in electrically conductive rubber cable compounds. In particular, the proportions and order of introduction into the mix are considered. It is shown that a ternary combination of plasticisers makes it possible to vary in a wide range the properties of composites with a binary combination of carbon fillers, and by increasing the content of transformer oil to 40 parts per 100 parts rubber, control of the viscosity and plasticity of the mix is achieved. 2 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, pp.14-6).
Title: PROBLEMS OF THE MECHANICS OF ELASTOMER NANOCOMPOSITES: OBJECTIVES, MODELS AND METHODS
Page Range: T/32-36
Author(s): Yanovskii Y G; Gamlitskii Y A; Zgaevskii V E; Bass Y P
File size: 92K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Problems relating to the mathematical and numerical modelling of nanocomposites for the prediction of properties, are addressed, with respect to technical grade rubber-active filler composites. At the first, nanoscale level, quantum chemistry methods are used to determine the potentials of interaction of macromolecules of rubber with the surface of active filler. At the following (microscale) level, the system being modelled is described by closely packed macromolecules positioned between two active surfaces, with the interaction potentials calculated by quantum-chemical methods. Models and methods are described for explaining and predicting the effect of reinforcement and the nanomechanics of elastomer composites. Results obtained can be used to create models of a rubber-active filler composite. 32 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.20-5).
Title: MEASUREMENT OF THE DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Page Range: T/37-38
Author(s): Gurta F
File size: 23K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
To measure the dynamic characteristics of viscoelastic materials, including rubbers, the Bruel & Kjear company has developed an instrument for dynamic mechanical analysis, which makes it possible to carry out measurements at different tensile, compressive, shear and flexural strain amplitudes and at different times, temperatures, and frequencies. A computer is used to select and maintain the test regimes and to process the results. A description is given of the equipment, its capabilities and applications. 3 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.26-7).
Title: TIGHTNESS OF TUBELESS TYRES
Page Range: T/39-41
Author(s): Masagutova L V; Mikulenko N A; Il'ina E A; Ivanov D K
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The importance of tyre tightness is discussed. The characteristics of tightness of a tyre is determined by two parameters: loss of inflation pressure and the intracasing pressure. For the first characteristic, the loss of inflation pressure in the unloaded tyre within a 30 day period under static conditions at constant temperature, is estimated. For the measurement of intracasing pressure, special gauges are used directly in the zone of contact of the coating rubber with the cord. In the production of all inner tubes in the CIS, in contrast to world practice, use is made of general purpose rubbers having a gas permeability than is about 10 times greater than that of butyl rubber, specially intended for this purpose. An assessment of the tightness of tubeless tyres from different CIS works, carried out at the end of the 1990s, showed that the loss of inflation pressure of tubeless tyres amounts to 4-5%/month or more. Details are given of an approach to solving the problem of the tightness of tyres, including optimisation of the inner liner by predictive calculation using computer software. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.27-30).
Title: OPTIMISATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND CALIBRE OF INNER LINERS PARTICULARLY REGARDING THE INTRACASING PRESSURE ON THE DURABILITY OF TYRES. 1: MAIN PRINCIPLES
Page Range: T/42-44
Author(s): Il'ina E A; Gamlitskii A; Masagutova L V; Milulenko N A
File size: 32K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The question of the air permeability of the inner lining of tubeless tyres is addressed, in order to optimise their composition and design. The diffusion of air through the rubber and rubber-cord layers forming the pneumatic tyre is due to the difference within the tyre casing the atmospheric pressure, which causes a loss of inflation pressure. Another consequence is connected with an intracasing pressure, a partial consequence of which is the intracarcass pressure. To solve the problem of the influence of intracasing pressure on the durability of the tyre components it is necessary to know the dependence of the durability of each tyre component during service, on its stress-strain state. This is achieved by assessing the contribution of all the stresses related to the intracarcass pressure to the stresses normally calculated from inflation pressure, air pressure, axial load, etc., and then determine how greatly they influence the durability of the tyre components. The methodology is outlined. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.5, 2002, p.30-2).
Title: NEW ION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS BASED ON EPOXY METHACRYLATES
Page Range: T/45-48
Author(s): Akimbaeva A M; Bektenov N A; Ergozhin E E
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Results are presented of studies aimed at creating polyfunctional ion-exchange resins of three-dimensional structure, based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate with vinyloxyethyl methacrylate, (GMA-VOEMA).VOEMA, used for the synthesis of rubbers, photopolymers and plastics, is of interest for expanding the range of macrocrosslinked ion-exchange resins, since the use of monomers based on it can provide favourable conditions for more complete chemical transformation, maximum accessibility of active groups during ion exchange, and selectivity of sorption, it is reported. Crosslinked anion- and cation-exchange resins were produced by modifying the initial copolymer with polyethyleneimine, polyethylenepolyamine, concentrated sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and a solution of thiodiglycolic acid to produce resins with a high exchange capacity and physicochemical indices. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 2002,p.29-31).
Title: PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM-POLYMER MATRICES FOR COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Page Range: T/49-52
Author(s): Dolomatov M Y; Budrina N G; Kut'in Y A; Telyashev E G; Adullina V R; Taranova I V; Yurtova T N
File size: 61K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Petroleum-polymer composites contain fibrous material and a multicomponent polymer system based on high molecular weight petroleum fractions, polyolefins and elastomers. This work sets out to investigate the critical effects of devitrification and melting, which are expressed by the softening temperatures and by the temperature range of melting, as a function of the amount of polyolefins dissolved in the petroleum fraction. It was established that in petroleum-polymer systems based on tars and bitumens and polyolefins, two phase transitions occur, in which a sudden change in the parameters of order is observed. The influence of composition on processes of phase transitions was studied. The laws found may be useful, it is proposed, in the development of petroleum-polymer systems. The plasticisation of petroleum-polymer systems was investigated, and it was established that the plasticisation capacity of these systems is considerably greater than the corresponding indices of polymer systems. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 2002, p.31-3)
Title: NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF THE INVERSE PROBLEM OF SELF-DIFFUSION
Page Range: T/53-54
Author(s): Usmanov S M; Shakir'yanov E D; Zaikov G E
File size: 38K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
The translational thermal mobility of molecules in the case of thermodynamic equilibrium of the system (self-diffusion) is known to be an informative characteristic of the structure and state of a substance. This paper discusses the use of nuclear magnetic resonance with a magnetic field pulsed gradient for the measurement of self-diffusion coefficients. In particular, this work reports a study of the possibilities of using algorithms for solving integral equations of the first kind on a computer, developed on the basis of the Tikhonov regularisation method, to solve the incorrectly formulated problem of self-diffusion. Results of the numerical solution of inverse problem are presented. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2002, p.39-40).
Title: BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS: TYPES OF MATERIAL, BASIC PROPERTIES, AND POTENTIAL FOR USE IN INDUSTRY
Page Range: T/55-59
Author(s): Loshchadkin D V
File size: 54K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
A review is presented of recent developments in the area of biodegradable plastics. The mechanisms of biodegradation are described, and the types of biodegradable materials currently available or being developed are examined. Particular reference is given to the products of various companies, which include polylactic acid and other aliphatic polymers, hydrocellulose, including lyocell, polycaprolactam and viscose blends, starch, chitin and chitosan. 25 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 2002, p.41-4).
Title: UNIVERSAL UNIT FOR THE COMMINUTION OF 'SOFT' POLYMER WASTE
Page Range: T/60-63
Author(s): Beloboradova T G; Panov A K; Minsker K S
File size: 65K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Details are given of a universal unit which has been proposed for the comminution of soft polymer waste such as high, medium and low density polyethylene, PVC and rubber. In addition, a method is reported for calculating the main parameters of the process. The dependence of the cutting force necessary for rupturing structural bonds of the polymer on the geometric and kinematic parameters of the cutting elements has been established, with account taken of the high-elastic properties of the material being comminuted. 6 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.7, 2002, p.46-8).
Title: POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES. PART 1: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS, FILLERS AND NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON THERMOSETTING POLYMERS
Page Range: T/64-70
Author(s): Kacperski M
File size: 98K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
A review is presented of current work on nanocomposites with reference to the various types of constituent polymers and fillers, and the methods employed for assessing their properties. Of particular interest in characterising nanocomposites are the techniques of transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Fillers examined are silicas, metals and metal compounds, carbon compounds, especially fullerenes, graphite derivatives, and phyllosilicates. Nanocomposites based on thermosetting polymers are reviewed and include epoxy resins, unsaturated polyester resins, polyurethanes, and polysiloxanes. 54 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2002, 47, No. 11-12, p. 801-7).
Title: EFFECT OF POLYURETHANE GRAFTED ONTO STYRENE/STYRENESULPHONIC ACID COPOLYMER ON THE MORPHOLOGY OF VARIOUS POLYMER BLENDS
Page Range: T/71-75
Author(s): Jasrzbska M; Rutkowska M; Janik H
File size: 111K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 5
Abstract
Results are reported of exploratory studies, in particular, the assessment of morphology, in the use of polyurethane grafted on styrene/styrenesulphonic acid copolymer, as a compatibiliser in selected types of polymer blends. Electron microscopy and thermal analysis techniques were used to investigate the blends. Blends investigated included thermoplastic PU/polystyrene, ABS/thermoplastic PU, and nylon 6/ABS. The addition of polyurethane grafted on styrene/styrenesulphonic acid copolymer as a compatibiliser affected the morphology of the various blends in different ways. Such observed changes in morphology are said to suggest that research should be conducted over a wide range of compositions with a view to obtaining materials with favourable utility properties. 14 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, 2002, 47, No. 11-12, p.837-841)