Back SearchTitle: OPTIMISATION OF THE COMPOSITION AND CALIBRE OF THE INNER LINER AS INFLUENCED BY THE INTRACASING PRESSURE ON THE DURABILITY OF THE TYRE. 2. CALCULATION OF THE INTRACASING PRESSURE
Page Range: T/1-6
Author(s): Il'ina E A; Gamlitskii Y A; Masagutova L V; Mikulenko N A
File size: 75K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
This communication is the second part of a study in which the first part was concerned with the clarification of the effect of the intracasing pressure on the durability of tyres, and to develop methods for its minimisation through improvement in the inner liner. This second part sets out the results of the first theoretical stage of the investigation with reference to the calculation of the intracasing pressure, arising both at the joints and within the main components of the tyre. The principle of solving this problem is based on the calculation of the gas permeability of complex multilayer shells. Calculations are reported for tyres of the largest tonnage range - 175/70R13 tubeless car tyres. For a broader investigation of factors potentially able to affect the level of the intracasing pressures, an analysis was made of three models which are claimed to cover practically all the real variants of constructions (the presence or absence of a technological interlayer and/or screening layer) and mix formulations of different components and their calibres. 3 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.6, 2002, pp.32-6)
Title: THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY COMPATIBLE POLYMERS CONTAINING VEGETABLE COMPONENTS
Page Range: T/7-12
Author(s): Hatakeyama H
File size: 80K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The current status of biodegradable polymer materials is briefly reviewed within the context of environmental compatibility, and newly introduced environmental laws in the US in December 2000. US Public Law 106-224 is reported to take an extremely positive and supportive attitude to the development of the new technology. This review looks at recent developments in the area of environmentally compatible polymers incorporating vegetable components within this context. Polymer materials that can be produced from sucrose and other sugars, molasses, cellulose and lignin are considered. Environmentally compatible polymers from sugars such as polyurethane and polycaprolactone derivatives, and lignin-based polyurethane foams are discussed. 3 refs. (Article translated from Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi, vol.76 (2003), No.3, pp.96-100).
Title: BASIC PROBLEMS OF THE MECHANICS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES. REVIEW. PART 1
Page Range: T/13-17
Author(s):
File size: 33K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
This is the first in a series of three articles which review problems associated with the mechanics of polymer composites. The reviews are based on papers presented at conferences held in the Ukraine and in Latvia. This first part reflects work presented at the 12th International Conference on the Mechanics of Composite Materials, which was held on 9-13 June 2002 in Riga, Latvia. At this conference, 195 papers and reports were presented from 28 countries, the main themes of which follow: the structure and properties of composites; long-term deformation properties and strength; strength, failure, damage and fatigue; structure of composites; non-destructive testing; the mechanical aspects of technology; and numerical methods. This review gives data from papers presented by almost half the participants.
Title: HEAT STABILITY OF FILLED ABS COPOLYMERS
Page Range: T/18-21
Author(s): Alekseev A A; Abdulrakhim R M; Osipchik V S; Kirichenko E A; Chernyshova V N
File size: 74K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The results are discussed of the influence of mineral fillers on the thermal stability of ABS copolymers. Like all composite materials, ABS copolymers undergo the action of temperature and oxygen during production, processing and service. The determination of the role of the filler in these processes is investigated in order to assist the development of present concepts concerning the thermooxidative ageing of ABS copolymers, and methods for their stabilisation.. Whiting, barytes, and talc were the fillers investigated. It was shown that, under conditions of static heating, the viscosity of the initial and filled ABS copolymers increases due to crosslinking of macromolecules of their rubber phase. Fillers are shown to raise the stability of ABS copolymers under conditions of dynamic heating to 350 degrees C. This is due to the filling of regions with a reduced packing density of macromolecules by filler, diffusional difficulties when radical pairs separate, and linear rupture of chains by the detachment of hydrogen atoms from the surface hydroxyl groups of the fillers. In terms of the degree of increase of heat stability of ABS copolymers, the fillers are ranked thus: barytes, whiting and talc. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.7-9).
Title: EFFECT OF AGGRESSIVE LIQUID MEDIA ON THE DURABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE FOAM UNDER LOAD
Page Range: T/22-25
Author(s): Yartsev V P; Andrianov K A
File size: 71K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
Polystyrene foam used for building insulation is tested with respect to its performance in terms of durability under load and in contact with aggressive liquid media. The study investigates the behaviour of polystyrene foam under the simultaneous action of load and an aggressive medium in conditions of short-term loading (at a prescribed rate) and long-term loading (under constant stress). The laws governing the deformation and failure of plastic foam were examined from the viewpoint of the kinetic concept according to which a decisive role in the mechanical behaviour of any solid is played. Mechanical tests were carried out with central transverse bending or compression on multiposition stands. Before testing, the specimens were immersed in active liquids and held in them for 30 days. During holding, the change in weight of the specimens (degree of swelling) was recorded after specified intervals. Aggressive liquid media used included air, water, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, chloric acid, acetic acid, and machine oil. Using a stress and temperature equation, it was possible to calculate the strength and deformation durability before and after holding in liquid media. Results are discussed. 8 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.9-11).
Title: EFFECT OF CATALYSTS AND CURING SCHEDULES
Page Range: T/26-32
Author(s): Kochnova Z A; Tuzova; Baranov A O; Tseitlin G M; Prut E V
File size: 352K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The aim of this study is to establish the main trends in the relationships governing the formation of a three-dimensional polymer from epoxy-phenol prepolymers in the presence of different catalysts, and the effect of the different catalysts and curing schedules on the structure and properties of protective coatings made there from. The structure of the three-dimensional network was assessed from the magnitude of the molecular weight between crosslinked points, determined from the deformation and strength properties of films at a temperature 40 K higher than the Tg, and by investigating the fracture surface of polymer films on a scanning electron microscope. At present, orthophosphoric acid is used as the catalyst for epoxy-phenol composites, but it is claimed that its use is associated with a lack of stability of properties during the storage of the composites. As catalysts not adversely affecting the properties of the prepolymers during storage, it was proposed to use 'hidden' catalysts which are capable of passing into the active state only at the curing temperature, For these purposes, latent catalyst KATEF was developed. The results of investigations, show that the behaviour of epoxy-phenol systems during curing in the use of catalyst KATEF, is similar to systems with o-phosphoric acid. At a polymerisation temperature of 120 degrees C, and under conditions of prolonged storage of the composites, it is shown to be possible to facilitate the process of preparation of epoxy-phenol composites and increase their stability during storage. 14 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.12-6)
Title: MECHANISMS OF THERMO-OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION OF MODIFIED POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Page Range: T/33-37
Author(s): Borukaev T A; Kozolv G V; Mashukov N I; Mikitaev A K
File size: 72K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
This work focuses on a physicochemical analysis of the mechanisms of thermal and thermooxidative degradation of PTBP, modified with a highly dispersed mixture of Fe/FeO (Z), with the use of fractal analysis concepts. Specimens of PBTP + Z composites were produced by injection moulding, and impact tests of unnotched specimens were carried out on a pendulum impact tester. Heat ageing of specimens was carried out at 393 K. The effectiveness of the process of thermooxidative degradation was assessed from the magnitude of the ratio of the relative impact strengths. On the basis of given schemes, it is concluded that the process of thermooxidative degradation of PBTP proceeds via pseudomonomolecular (if peroxide radicals are formed), or bimolecular (if hydroperoxides are formed) decomposition. Mutual transitions of pseudomono and bimolecular processes can not be ruled out, it is argued. The use of fractal analysis makes it possible to carry out a quantitative assessment of the duration of the induction period during heat ageing of PBT + Z composites within the framework of the problem of traps. The methods described provide a physical interpretation of the mechanisms of thermooxidative degradation of PBT and PBT + Z composites. The general physical model makes it possible to specify the given mechanisms within the framework of purely chemical concepts. 14 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.26-9)
Title: REDUCTION IN THE FLAMMABILITY OF POLYSTYRENE WITH THE USE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Page Range: T/38-41
Author(s): Antonov Y S; Zubkova N S
File size: 64K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
This study reports on the use of phosphonic acid derivatives in decreasing the flammability of polystyrene. To lower the flammability of polystyrene is reported to be a complex task since the temperature at the start of its thermal degradation is 250 degrees C, the temperature of its half-decomposition is 364 degrees C, and at 450 degrees C, it is gasified entirely with the liberation of highly volatile, flammable products. The specific heat of combustion of polystyrene is 43 MJ/kg, which is similar to that of crude oil. The use of phosphorous-containing combustion inhibitors also helps to reduce the release of smoke and soot. Phosphonic acid derivatives selected for this application were ammonium salt of methylphosphonic acid amide, and ammonium salt of aminotrismethylenephosphonic acid. These corrosion inhibitors are characterised by a high content of phosphorous and nitrogen which are capable of inhibiting the process of thermolysis of the polymer. Results of thermogravimetric analysis of the combustion inhibitors indicated that they break down with a considerable endothermic effect. The selected compounds alter the direction of thermolysis in the condensed phase, and in this connection, this investigation studies the process of carbonisation at 350, 400 and 450 degrees C., together with the magnitude, composition and structure of the carbonised residue formed during pyrolysis. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.38-40).
Title: POLYMERIC VANADIUM-CONTAINING NANOCOMPOSITES AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Page Range: T/42-45
Author(s): Urbonaite V; Simonov-Emel'yanov I D
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
A method is proposed for the production of metal-containing binders based on phenol-formaldehyde resin, in which the metal is in the stabilised cluster state in the form of a complex vanadium compound. Moulding powders and articles of nanocomposites were obtained that are claimed to possess a combination of new properties, differing from those of metal-filled polymer composites in which the metal forms a separate phase. In such nanocomposites, the non-monotonic dependence of properties on size that is specific to cluster nanosized particles, (NSPs) appears. In the case of polymeric materials with metal NSPs, the catalytic activity changes, and sensory capacities, radioparency, and the ability to convert radiations of different energy appear. Vanadium was chosen for its carbide-forming properties and its capacity to form strong complex compounds with oxygen- and nitrogen-containing reagents, and phenol-formaldehyde resin was selected as the main polymer in powder form. 12 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.42-4)
Title: OPTIMISING THE FORMULATION OF A COMPOSITE FOR THICKENING FABRICS
Page Range: T/46-48
Author(s): Amanov M R
File size: 46K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The importance of the thickener as a component of printing inks used in the textile industry is discussed, followed by details of a trial experiment which showed that a solution of starch with a polymer composite based non polyphosphoric acid and glycerine dichlorohydrin, ensured the necessary viscosity for thickening. Details are given of results of a full two-factor experiment which was set up to obtain an adequate mathematical model of the thickening process with variation in the concentration of the starch and polymer composite. The optimisation parameter was the viscosity of the solution of a starch thickener and polymer composite, determined by the height of the solution (in cm.) passing through a viscometer within 10 s. Equations are published which make it possible to determine the viscosity characteristics of the thickening solution. The mathematical model of the process can be used not only to determine the index of the process with a fixed set of values of the independent processing parameters and its applicability, but also to analyse the contribution of each factor and the paired effects of the process, it is reported. 2 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.44-5)
Title: INTEGRALLY MOULDED ELEMENTS OF CONSTRUCTIONS OF RADIOPARENT COVERS
Page Range: T/49-51
Author(s): Dzhafarov A S
File size: 78K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
Modern radio navigational, radar and radioelectronic apparatuses and other constructions of radio engineering designation, require the creation of new, high-quality, constructional, high-frequency and ultrahigh frequency dielectrics. It is a requirement of constructional components used for the manufacture of such radioelectronic apparatus and the load-bearing fragments of radioparent covers, (RPCs) to retain their electrophysical properties during prolonged service at a high electromagnetic energy power level. In order to raise the dielectric characteristics of the load-bearing fragments of RPCs, light- and heat-resistance composites of HDPE were used as the polymer binder. The load-bearing elements of the skins of multilayer RPCs were manufactured by the combined heating and pressing of quartz fabric and PE film. Rectangular four-seat 'boxes' with stiffening ribs, manufactured by injection moulding, were used as fillers. Details are given of a method which was devised for exposing the objects investigated to ultra high frequency radiation, and of an experimental study, made of the effect of a high electromagnetic energy power level on the structure and service properties of different grades of medium-density polyethylene. It is claimed, that for the first time, constructions have been developed and integrally moulded elements of radioparent covers' fragments with grooved fillers have been manufactured from low-flammability, radiation resistant composites of HDPE. These are reported to have been acknowledged by specialists as being promising for the construction of radioparent covers to be used under conditions with radio waves of decimetre and centimetre lengths. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.9, 2002, pp.45-47)
Title: NEW TECHNOLOGY FOR FOAMING PLASTICS IN INJECTION MOULDING
Page Range: T/52-54
Author(s): Chalaya N M; Mikhasenok O Y
File size: 83K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The use is discussed of Micell technology for the injection moulding of polymeric materials with a microcellular structure. The advantages of injection moulded foam articles are examined in terms of properties of finished articles, and the use of physical and chemical blowing agents is discussed. A description is given of the Micell process for the production of injection moulded polymeric materials with a microcellular structure. This is given under the headings of: feed of material; feed of gas; gas distribution at the molecular level; injection moulding; and cooling of the molten material in the mould. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, pp.9-10)
Title: NEW TYPES OF POLYOLEFINS OBTAINED USING METALLOCENE CATALYSTS
Page Range: T/55-58
Author(s): Shiryaev M
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
The advantages are discussed of the use of metallocene polyolefins as compared with the materials produced using traditional technology for the production of polyethylenes. These advantages relate to product quality, improved mechanical and optical properties, and the ability to reduce costs and improve profitability. The differences in molecular structure are reported to provide improved properties when compared with LLDPE. The uniformity of the molecules in the Exceed brand of polyethylene from ExxonMobil is said to be reflected in balanced orientation and greater isotropy of films, resulting in films being produced there from having improved mechanical strength and the potential for thickness reduction. Use of metallocene polyolefins is claimed to lower the cost of raw materials, provide an improvement of utility properties, and reduce total system costs. Use of Exceed in a blend with LDPE is also examined. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, p.6-8).
Title: PRODUCTION OF BLOW-MOULDED BIAXIALLY-ORIENTED PACKAGING FROM POLYPROPYLENE USING TWO-STAGE TECHNOLOGY
Page Range: T/59-60
Author(s): Yudin E I; Sukhanov Y B; Penkin V N
File size: 23K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
A method has been devised for the production of blow moulded biaxially oriented packaging from polypropylene using two-stage technology. Until recently, the most widely used method has been the single-stage extrusion blow moulding process. The two-stage method has been confined to the production of biaxially oriented blow moulded packaging from PETP. This latter is characterised by high productivity and relatively low cost products. An investigation of the Russian packaging market has shown an absence of mass-produced blow moulded biaxially oriented packaging from PP manufactured using two-stage technology, although it is known that a number of companies have been attempting to develop technology for its production. Specialists from the Russkii mekhanik and PLAT have studied grades of PP to identify optimum grades for this purpose, and have developed an optimum warming technology for PP performs prior to blow moulding in mass-produced blow moulding equipment. Their investigations have also shown that practically all types of mass-produced blow moulding equipment intended for blow moulding of packaging from PETP can be used for the blow moulding of packaging from PP, as long as the system for warming the performs is modified. This latter has now been patented. Advantages afforded by the technology are examined. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, pp.5-6)
Title: BASIC PROBLEMS IN THE MECHANICS OF POLYMER COMPOSITES. PART 2 OF A SURVEY
Page Range: T/61-64
Author(s): Kovriga V V
File size: 31K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
A review is presented of research papers which were presented at the 12th International Conference on the Mechanics of Composites, held 9-13 June 2002 in Latvia. Papers discussed are grouped under the following headings: carbon fibre reinforced plastics; heat resistant fibres and organoplastics; polyurethane foams, thermoplastic elastomers and other foams; polyethylene and polyethylene fibres; three-dimensionally reinforced composites; the effect of moisture and low temperatures on the properties of composites; anti-friction materials; film composites and packaging materials; the fatigue strength of composites; fillers; laminates; PVC and epoxides.
Title: MACROSCOPIC PHENOMENA IN THE MOLECULAR MOBILITY OF POLYMERS UNDER EXTERNAL FORCE FIELDS
Page Range: T/65-71
Author(s): Zelenev Y V; Peschanskaya N N; Khromov V I
File size: 71K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
Results are discussed of studies of molecular mobility in various classes of polymers, and its influence on their various physical properties. The mechanical losses of a polymer reflect the rearrangement of structural elements within it, occurring at a finite rate. This rearrangement can be one of several forms: thermal (associated with thermal effects), electrical (charge rearrangement), magnetic (magnetomechanical effects), atomic (accompanied by their ordering under stress and redistribution of dislocations by migration), and molecular (limits the relative movement of atomic groups, segments and macromolecules as a whole in the bulk of the polymer). This latter form of rearrangement is claimed to be the least studied, and is therefore the subject of this work. This article examines the results of studies for predicting the mechanical properties of solid polymers in various classes (PMMA, PS, PVC, PC, LDPE, ebonite, and epoxy resins), as well as polymer films obtained from solutions of powders (PVA, PVA acetals) under external force fields. 22 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, pp.14-9).
Title: ELECTRETS BASED ON A COMPOSITION OF HIGH-PRESSURE POLYETHYLENE WITH CARBON BLACK
Page Range: T/72-75
Author(s): Galikhanov M F; Eremeev D A; Deberdeev R Y
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
In an attempt to satisfy industry's demands for polymeric electret materials, attention is being given worldwide to the modification, filling and blending of polymers with the aim of creating new electret materials. This work reports on a study carried out on high-pressure LDPE and various grades of carbon black. Polyethylene is a low cost and widely available material, but its low stability of coronoelectrets based on it, is a considerable hindrance to expansion of its fields of application. Polymer composites based on PE and dispersed fillers as a basis for producing coronoelectrets with high, stable electret characteristics were developed. Grade K354 channel black was used. Its high content of oxygen-containing groups on its surface lowered the electrical conductivity of their particles, and increases the electret characteristics of compositions based on it in LDPE. In addition, the oxygen-containing dipole groups present on the surface of the filler particles, serve as additional traps of injected charge carriers. 10 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, pp.26-8).
Title: KINETICS OF DRYING EGG TRAYS MADE FROM RECYCLED MATERIAL
Page Range: T/76-78
Author(s): Barabanov N N; Zemskova V T
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 30
Issue No: No. 7
Abstract
Experimental-analytical relations are presented for calculating the length of the process for drying egg trays made from recycled materials to a final water content of 5%, with respect to the speed and temperature of the drying agent, and the coefficients of the rate of drying. This data is necessary in order to calculate the energy expenditure on drying and for calculating the geometrical dimension of a dryer with a specified productivity. 2 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2002, No.10, pp.38-9).