Back SearchTitle: THERMOMECHANICAL SPECTROSCOPY OF POLYETHYLENE AND OF THE POLYETHYLENE MATRIX OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTICS MANUFACTURED BY VARIOUS METHODS
Page Range: T/1-7
Author(s): Ol'khov Y A; Smirnov Y N; Rudakov V M; Barelko V V
File size: 81K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
An investigation using thermomechanical spectroscopy was carried out on glass mat reinforced polyethylenes. The aim of the study was to determine the influence of the type of surface treatment of the glass fabric used as a reinforcement on the molecular-topological and supermolecular structure of the polyethylenes and PE matrices in GFRPs, and also to investigate the effect of the various methods used to apply the PE matrix. It was shown that, irrespective of the method used to combine the components, the surface of reinforcing glass fabric plays an extremely important role in the formation of the properties of the composites. This effect manifests itself largely in the changes to the supermolecular-topological structure of the amorphous-crystalline matrix, and accordingly in its relaxation characteristics, especially those of the near-surface layers. The optimum ratio in these layers of the amorphous and crystalline phases is reported to determine the intensity of processes of relaxation of the near-surface thermal stresses, which make a considerable contribution to the formation of the strength properties of the glass fibre reinforced plastics. 25 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 5-10)
Title: PROCESSES OF STRUCTURE FORMATION IN FILLED POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/8-9
Author(s): Panova L G; Artemenko S E; Naumova M V
File size: 68K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
The introduction of fillers to control the chemical composition, molecular structure and supermolecular structure of polyethylene, and to produce materials with prescribed service properties is investigated, with reference to the use of calcium carbonate, wood ash and chloroparaffin. The main service properties of filled materials depend on the properties of the dispersed component, and so to this end, their chemical composition, grain size distribution true and bulk density and wettability were assessed. On the basis of the characteristics obtained, the indices influencing the process of structure formation and the structure were calculated. It was concluded that calcium carbonate and wood ash were fillers that possess structural activity, and that when they were introduced into PE, caused changes in the characteristics of the supermolecular formations. 1 ref. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 10-11)
Title: FEATURES OF THE RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURALLY INHOMOGENEOUS POLYMER COMPOSITES
Page Range: T/10-16
Author(s): Zelenev Y V
File size: 79K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Processes of relaxation of the molecular mobility of polymers are investigated with respect to their influence on their structure formation and various physical properties. This paper is devoted to the late T.D. Shermergorn who made an important contribution to the theory of relaxation effects, in the development of the correlation function method for the investigation of the relaxation processes in inhomogeneous media. This method takes into account that in the cyclic deformation of inhomogeneous bodies, non-uniform strains arise, on account of which a temperature gradient appears between neighbouring areas, leading to temperature relaxation. The dissipation of energy during the vibrations of specimens of inhomogeneous materials is due to heat exchange between neighbouring, differently deformed components. Problems of temperature relaxation in such materials are solved on the assumption of small concentrations of inhomogeneous inclusions, and their elastic properties are determined only by the orientation of the crystallographic axes. Equations of thermoelasticity for solving the given problem are presented. 15 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp.12-6).
Title: INFLUENCE OF CROSSLINK FUNCTIONALITY ON THE PROCESS OF CURING EPOXY-AMINE COMPOSITES (short article)
Page Range: T/17-22
Author(s): Garipov R M; Deberdeev T R; Zagidullin A I; Chernov I A; Kvasov S A; Garipova L R; Irzhak V I; Lebedev E P; Novikov G F
File size: 85K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
During the low-temperature curing of epoxy-amine composites, in the course of formation of the three-dimensional structure, the system is know to pass into the glassy state and the curing process almost stops. Using curing agents of the ethylene-diamine series, both the kinetics of network formation and the Tg of the polymer are connected with the crosslink structure. The question of the influence of crosslink functionality on the properties of the crosslinked polymer and on glass transition is addressed. In particular, this paper studies the process of the curing of epoxy oligomers by curing agents containing amino groups of such structure that the crosslinks of the network formed can be ascribed lower functionality compared with diethylene triamine (DETA). The curing agents used in the study were an organosilicon diamine, a derivative of aminopropyltriethoxysilane, DETA, and polyethylenepolyamine. The conducted investigations indicated that features of the three-dimensional structure of the epoxy-amine matrix is formed by curing agents containing consolidated and isolated atoms forming crosslinks, and it was established that the form of arrangement of these atoms in a curing agent molecule has a strong influence on the formation of kinetic units in the polymer matrix. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 21-4).
Title: PROPERTIES OF PRODUCTS AND THE LAWS GOVERNING THE PROCESS OF GRAFTING OF ACRYLIC ACIDS TO POLYPROPYLENE FIBRE. PART 1
Page Range: T/23-26
Author(s): Novoseolva L Y; Bordunov V V
File size: 54K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
This paper follows on from previous works in which the possibility of the chemical modification of fibrous material obtained from PP product waste was discussed, with the aim of producing on their basis, new ion-exchange resins. Acrylic acid was selected as the monomer to be grafted and the fibrous polypropylene material was oxidised as a preliminary treatment to facilitate further subsequent modification to produce ion-exchange properties. The aim of this work was to continue the study of the structure and properties both of the initial materials (PP fibres) and of the target products (ion-exchange fibres) and also to examine the main laws governing the graft polymerisation of acrylic acid to PP fibrous material. As a result of the investigation, it was established that the effectiveness of grafting acrylic acid to the oxidised PP fibre was proportional to the concentration of GP groups in the material. The effect of reaction temperatures during the graft copolymerisation are also examined, together with the optimising of the reaction conditions. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp.25-7).
Title: STUDY OF THE PROCESS OF FORMATION OF EPOXY-TITANIUM ACRYLATE POLYMERS
Page Range: T/27-30
Author(s): Burdin A B; Suvorov A L; Sennikov V V
File size: 63K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
A study was made of the kinetic laws governing the process of formation of the three-dimensional network in crosslinked epoxy polymers, with reference to the use of curing agents based on organic compounds of titanium. Using dielectric spectroscopy, an investigation was made of the kinetics of curing of epoxy-bisphenol A resin by dibutoxy titanium butyl acrylates, dibutoxy titanium bisbutylsuccinate, dibutoxy titanium bisbutylmaleate, dibutoxy titanium bisbutyl phthalate, and dibutoxy titanium bisbutyl-cis-4-metnyl-1,2,3,-6-tetrahydrophthalate. The compounds were characterised by elemental and functional analysis and IR spectroscopy. An investigation was made of composites with a molar ratio of resin to curing agent of 6:1, which is claimed to correspond to the region of formation of the densest network, and 20:1. The kinetics was studied under isothermal conditions at 160, 170 and 180 degrees C. A semi-quantitative model is proposed, based on assumptions of formal kinetics, reflecting both the chemical and the structural changes occurring in the system as a three-dimensional network is formed. This is claimed to describe the experimental data well and enables them to be compared. 13 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp.27-9).
Title: INFLUENCE OF THE CRYSTALLINE MORPHOLOGY OF POLYCHLOROPRENE ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Page Range: T/31-34
Author(s): Aloev V Z; Kozlov G V; Zaikov G E
File size: 54K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
This work provides a quantitative analysis of the structure-properties relationship during elongation of polychloroprene specimens crystallised at various degrees of elongation. It also confirms the changes in the crystalline morphology of these specimens, since it is shown that strain hardening of polychloroprene during elongation in the process of plastic deformation, occurs more rapidly the greater the degree of elongation at which the specimen was crystallised. The results of the research demonstrates the appropriateness of describing the mechanical behaviour of polychloroprene specimens crystallised with different degrees of elongation within the framework of concepts of rubber elasticity. This description is possible only within the framework of a structural model supposing a mixed crystalline morphology of the material and its sudden change at a critical degree of elongation of roughly 2.8. This proposed approach is claimed to make it possible to obtain a quantitative estimate of the change in the ratio of crystals from folded chains and crystallisation without folding with degrees of uniaxial elongation less than and greater than the critical degree of elongation. 14 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 30-2).
Title: OXIDATION OF POLYPHENYL ETHYLENE KETONE
Page Range: T/35-37
Author(s): Kalinina I G; Belov G P; Gumargalieva K Z; Shlyapnikov Y A
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Polyphenyl ethylene ketone (PPEK) was produced on a Pd(CH3COO)2-dipyridy-p-toluenesulphonic-benzoquinone catalytic system in a 7:1 mixture of CH2Cl2 and CH3OH at 70 degrees C and a CO pressure of 7MPa. An investigation was carried out on the oxidation of PPEK by molecular oxygen at temperatures of 160-240 degrees C, and the influence on the rate of this process of additions of an antioxidant (2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (MBT) was studied. Use was made of a copolymer of styrene with carbon monoxide (PPEK), and oxygen absorption in the course of oxidation was studied using a static vacuum unit. The data obtained from this study are reported to be inadequate for an understanding of the features of the mechanism of oxidation of the given polymer, but the low effectiveness of the antioxidant in PPEK is attributed to its low solubility in the solid polymer. Owing to its high melt temperature and its relatively high oxidation resistance in the absence of antioxidant, it was shown that PPEK can be used in the production of shrink-free materials. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp.32-4).
Title: EPOXY COMPOSITES MODIFIED WITH HYDROXYALKYL-SUBSTITUTED UREAS
Page Range: T/38-41
Author(s): Ignat'ev V A; Bulanova T E; Kol'tsov N I; Gotlib E M; Verizhnikov L V
File size: 64K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
The results of an investigation are reported which looks into the effects of small additions of hydroxyalkyl-substituted ureas (HAUs) on the physicomechanical properties of epoxy composites based on epoxy-bisphenol A oligomer ED-20, and different curing agents. This is with the aim of controlling the properties of polymer composites based on epoxy compounds for use in engineering applications by appropriate modification. A number of methods were used to investigate the adhesive, mechanical and impact properties of the cured composites. The curing agents used were aminophenol (Agidol AF-2) and aliphatic amine curing agent polyethylene polyamine (PEPA). The investigation of cured epoxy composites based on ED-20-Agidol AF-2 and ED-20-PEPA systems showed that the introduction of small amounts of modifying additives caused an increase in the stress, causing failure under uniform direct pull and compression. By changing the sequence of the introduction of the modifying additives, some governing relationships were established, which indicated the role of intermolecular interactions of the components, such as the hydrogen bonds in the formation of the three-dimensional structure of the epoxy composites. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 35-6).
Title: DETERMINING THE ORIENTATION PARAMETERS OF THE MACROSTRUCTURE OF HYDROEXTRUDATES OF POLY-E-CAPROAMIDE
Page Range: T/42-47
Author(s): Slavnov E V; Karoid E I
File size: 92K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Investigations based on electron microscopy, dichroism and thermomechanical analysis, were conducted to determine the molecular orientation in materials produced by solid-phase hydroextrusion, in particular, poly-epsilon-caproamide. These tests revealed that during hydroextrusion, two-level structure formation of the material occurred with respect to the micro- and macro-structures. This work proposes a method for determining the orientation parameter of the macrostructure of thermoplastic hydroextrudates. The proposed method is based on the hypothesis of similarity in the change in the dynamic properties of specimens with a changing density of distribution of the probability of orientation of macroparticles, and with a prescribed density of distribution with variation in their orientation in relation to the axis direction of the tests. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 38-42)
Title: WATER-REPELLING AGENTS FOR DRY BUILDING MIXES
Page Range: T/48-50
Author(s): Dem'yanova V S; Vasilik P G; Makhambetova K N
File size: 54K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Polymeric powder dispersions are used in dry building mixes such as cement compositions. This article examines the use of water-repellent additives in such dry mixes which are used to lower water absorption, in particular, zinc stearate, calcium stearate, sodium oleate, and redispersed copolymer powders Mowilith Pulver LDM 2080 P. To assess the kinetics of water saturation, a study was made of a complex additive of zinc stearate and water-soluble cationic flocculant KF-91. A preliminary study was made of the effect of the water-repelling agents on the kinetics of strength gain of cement compositions. It was established that the introduction of water-repelling additives slowed down the formation of early strength of the cement mortar, but that a complex water-repelling agent of zinc stearate and KF-91 considerably activated the process of 24 h strength gain. The dry building mix was optimised with respect to the form and content of aggregate, the grain size distribution of the sand, and also the form and composition of the complex additive used. This made it possible to develop water-repelling plaster comprising a multicomponent mixture of cement, graded aggregates, and a complex of additives and modifiers, which forms a plastic non-separating mortar, characterised by high layability and a fairly low water content. 2 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 42-3)
Title: FEATURES OF AGEING OF ROSINS IN ADHESIVE MELTS
Page Range: T/51-53
Author(s): Arustamyan S S; Avanesova N R; Zubaryan N Z; Tsakanyan E P
File size: 52K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Adhesive melts based on a EVA usually contain rosin and its derivatives in order to provide necessary viscoelastic properties. During storage and service of these adhesives, their properties are known to deteriorate. Deterioration of properties is accompanied by an increase in the weight of the adhesives and in the content of their peroxide and hydroperoxide groups, which has an adverse effect on the heat stability of the adhesives. Most stable among the adhesives investigated were those containing hydrogenated glycerin rosin ester and rosin, whilst composites containing glycerin rosin ester were most prone to ageing. An investigation is reported into the behaviour of the individual components of these adhesive melts during ageing. The ageing of rosin and its derivatives contained in previously investigated adhesive melts was studied with reference to pine rosin, glycerin rosin ester, and hydrogenated rosin ester. 9 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, pp. 44-5)
Title: USE OF POLYMER COMPOSITES AS THICKENERS FOR PRINTING INKS
Page Range: T/54-55
Author(s): Amonov M R; Ikhtiyarova G A; Yariev O M; Ibragimova F B
File size: 39K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
Tests were carried out on home-produced thickening agents for use in printing inks used in the textile industry. For this purpose, use was made of water-soluble natural and synthetic polymer composites, including hydrolysed acrylic emulsion, polyacrylamide, carboxymethylcellulose and starch. Results of trials are given which indicate the optimum formulation in terms of colour characteristics of printed fabrics. 3 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 7, 2003, p.47).
Title: FULLEROID NANOMATERIALS AS ACTIVE STRUCTURAL MODIFIERS FOR POLYMERS AND POLYMER COMPOSITES
Page Range: T/56-58
Author(s): Gunyaev G M; Il'chenko S I; Komarova O A; Aleksashin V M; Deev I S; Ponomarev A N; Nikitin V A
File size: 125K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
The use is discussed of Astralenes (fulleroid multilayer carbon nanoparticles) produced by the Astrin-Holding private joint-stock company in Russia, as active structural modifiers for polymers and polymer composites. Particular reference is made to their use in carbon fibre-reinforced epoxy resins used in airframe construction. The use of fulleroid nanomaterials enables a technically significant effect to be achieved using microdoses of carbon nanomaterials (0.01-1%). The study shows that as a result of using carbon nanomodifiers, there is a 50% increase in shear strength of epoxy-carbon composites, an increase in specific impact strength and heat resistance, and a three-fold increase in transverse conductivity. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2003, No. 10, p. 15-6)
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION OF CRYSTALLINE POLYOLEFINS MODIFIED WITH SMALL AMOUNTS OF EPOXY COMPOUNDS
Page Range: T/59-62
Author(s): Galibeev S S; Kochnev A M; Arkhireev V P; Spiridonova R R; Gafarov A M
File size: 56K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
A study is presented of the possibility and effectiveness of chemical modification of a number of crystalline polyolefins with epoxides, based on their interaction with unsaturated end groups of the polymer, which, being potential breakdown sites of macromolecules, have an adverse influence on a number of basic technological and service properties of industrial polyolefins. Some changes in the macromolecular and supramolecular characteristics of a number of polyolefins (LDPE, HDPE, and PP), modified with small additions of epoxides were investigated, and results are discussed. 10 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2003, No. 10, p. 26-8)
Title: HIGH TEMPERATURE RESISTANT POLYMER BLENDS BASED ON POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE AND POLYOLEFINS
Page Range: T/63-67
Author(s): Gaeva M K; Borukaev T A; Mashukov N I; Mikitaev A K
File size: 60K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
This work reports on the development of blends based on PBTP and polyolefins with respect to property modification and the possibility of extending the current fields of application for the individual polymers by blending. The incorporation of polyolefins was shown to make it possible to alter the structure and properties of the initial polymer, and provide targeted modification of its principal physical and chemical properties. In addition, by the incorporation of a system of stabilisers, it was also possible to provide new service characteristics such as high temperature resistance. 10 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2003, No. 10, p. 28-31).
Title: CONTROLLING THE RHEOLOGICAL AND RELAXATION PROPERTIES OF HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE INTENDED FOR PIPE PRODUCTION
Page Range: T/68-71
Author(s): Usichenko M V; Lebedeva E D; Osipchik V S
File size: 66K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
This article considers the use of HDPE for the production of pipes for the conveying of oil in the extreme North of Russia. In order to increase the impact strength and resistance to cracking in conditions of surface-active media, and to provide improved service properties for the oil industry, HDPE was modified with various copolymers of ethylene with propylene. The blends were optimised in order to control the relaxation properties and rheological properties. Results of tests on the modified HDPE pipe material are discussed. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2003, No. 10, p.31-3.)
Title: NEW HYDROXY- AND AMINE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS AS MODIFIERS FOR EPOXY COMPOSITIONS
Page Range: T/72-75
Author(s): Trofimov D M; Bagrov F V; Kol'tsov N I
File size: 51K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 4
Abstract
New hydroxyl- and amine-containing modifying additives for epoxy compositions based on ED-20 and ED-16 epoxy resins have been proposed. Epoxy adhesive compositions possess valuable properties, which depend to a considerable extent on the composition and method of preparation of the adhesives. Generally, accelerators are added to the starting epoxy compositions to increase the rate of hardening. These accelerators are compounds containing hydroxyl groups. It was therefore of interest to study how the properties of epoxy compositions are affected by compounds having amine and hydroxyl groups in the molecule simultaneously. This article examines the effectiveness of the action of additions of original modifiers developed by the authors, on the properties of hardened epoxy compositions. The study investigated the adhesion of a film of adhesive to steel, the content of gel fraction, dielectric properties, Shore relative hardness, tensile strength, and chemical resistance of the hardened epoxy compounds. 4 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, 2003, No. 10, p. 34-5)