Back SearchTitle: EFFECT OF TYPE OF COAGULANT ON COAGULATION PROPERTIES OF RUBBERS, COMPOUNDS AND VULCANISATES
Page Range: T/1-4
Author(s): Akatova I N; Nikulin S S; Korystin S I; Kondrat'eva N A
File size: 53K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Emulsion rubbers currently produced from latexes using an aqueous sodium chloride solution with subsequent acidification using sulphuric acid, have as their main disadvantage, the high consumption of coagulant, (180-350 kg per tonne rubber). In addition, the process is not environmentally friendly, since the sodium chloride used does not break down at the purification plant and can contaminate ground water. In an effort to reduce both consumption of coagulant and levels of pollution, a study was carried out on the process of butadiene-styrene rubber production from SKS-30ARK latex (dry residue 18%) using chlorides of sodium, calcium, aluminium and tin as coagulation agents. The study takes into account the influence of temperature, consumption level and nature of the coagulation agents on the completeness of rubber production from latex. Results indicate that the most promising coagulation agents are those based on aluminium salts. Properties of rubber mixtures and vulcanisates are examined. 18 Refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.6 2003, pp.2-4).
Title: RECENT ADVANCES IN POLYBUTADIENES
Page Range: T/5-10
Author(s): Tadaiki T
File size: 200K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Recent advances in polybutadienes are reviewed, with particular reference to the use of polymerisation catalysts. The stereoregularity of polybutadiene is heavily governed by the choice of polymerisation catalyst, which can be chosen to meet the needs of specific end use applications, examples of which are given. Recent trends in research on cis-1,4 polybutadiene are examined, and the structure of neodymium catalysis cis-1,4 polybutadiene is discussed. The suitability of Nd catalysis polybutadiene for golf ball and tyre applications, is investigated. Of the cis-1,4 polybutadienes under industrial development, the Nd catalysis polybutadienes are shown to have a high cis-1,4 content, sharp molecular weight distribution and little chain branching in comparison with cobalt or nickel catalysis polybutadienes, making them suitable for industrial applications, including tyre components and golf ball core materials. 16 Refs. (Article translated from Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 76 (2003), 12, pp.441-5).
Title: CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER (1): GENERAL RULES OF REINFORCEMENT
Page Range: T/11-17
Author(s): Fukahori Y
File size: 91K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
This article is the first of six which investigates the use of carbon black as a reinforcing filler in rubbers. It establishes the general rules of reinforcement and explains the reinforcement phenomena from a fairly broad perspective. It covers the following topics: effect of reinforcement on the mechanical properties of the matrix ; interpretation of the increase in modulus; interpretation of the increase in breaking strength; and interpretation of strain energy consumption (hysteresis loss). 13 Refs. (Article translated from Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 76 (2003), 12, pp.460-5).
Title: RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF THE CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF AROMATIC POLYSULPHONES
Page Range: T/18-23
Author(s): Bolotina L M; Chebotarev V P
File size: 64K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
An overview is presented of research into the production methods for aromatic polysulphones in Russia, with particular reference to work carried out at the Scientific Research Institute for Plastics (NIIPM). It was here, at the end of 1976 that a polysulphone chemistry and technology laboratory was set up. The research carried out here from 1976 is described. In 1984, the industrial production of polysulphone was started up with a capacity of 200 tpa at the Shevchenko Plastics Works and the production of monomer 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulphone with a capacity of 300 tpa was begun a the Kaprolaktam Production Association. In the 2000-1 period, a pilot plant was constructed and the production of powder polysulphone of adhesive grades by new technology was started. The main direction of the work is now to investigate the possibilities of the chemical modification of the polysulphone series. Technology for the synthesis of polysulphone is described, and in particular the industrial implementation of variant III, which allows for the development of polysulphones both in granule and powder form. For comparison, production and consumption of polysulphones in the US and Western Europe is also considered. 30 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2002, pp.3-7).
Title: GEL-POLYMER ELECTROLYTES BASED ON POLYSULPHONE FOR LITHIUM CURRENT SOURCES
Page Range: T/24-27
Author(s): Chebotarev V P; Smirnov S E; Komlov V A
File size: 56K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
The development is described of a gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) based on polysulphide for use in lithium batteries. To produce the polymer electrolyte, a polymer film was impregnated with a plasticiser, for which use was made of a composite consisting of tetrahydrofuran and a solution of lithium perchlorate in a mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane. Investigation of the electrical conductivity of the polymer electrolytes was carried out by the electrochemical impedance method in a cell made of PP with platinum electrodes. The GPE is shown to possess high electrical conductivity, stability and good adhesive properties. In addition, it ensures reversible cycling of the lithium anode in the charge-discharge process. Its distinguishing feature is that the gel obtained is intraphase and, accordingly, chemically inert in relation to lithium. Owing to the absence of interaction of the GPE with the anode, the survival of the lithium current sources can be increased considerably, it is claimed. 8 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.7-9).
Title: USE OF POLYSULPHONE FOR CONNECTING COMPONENTS OF METAL-POLYMER PIPES IN WATER SUPPLY AND HEATING SYSTEMS
Page Range: T/28-30
Author(s): Sladkov A V; Pavlov V L; Chebotarev V P; Lyashenko R Y
File size: 37K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
New polymeric materials of the sulphone series have been developed at Russia,Scientific Research Institute for Plastics which can be used for the injection moulding of components for the assembly and connection of metal-polymer pipes in water supply and heating applications. Such components are used to replace brass versions, and will make it possible to lower the costs of water supply systems, simplify the assembly process and increase reliability. Details are given of the tests carried out on polysulphone grade PSF-150, and its properties. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.9-11).
Title: BLENDS AND ALLOYS BASED ON POLYCARBONATE
Page Range: T/31-36
Author(s): Andreeva T I; Chalykh A E; Godovskii Y K
File size: 178K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Results of investigations are examined for the development of a range of constructional materials based on binary blends of polycarbonate and polyalkylene terephthalates (PC/PATPS). Such blends are shown to be characterised by high chemical resistance and cracking resistance, both in the presence of solvents and under the action of a static load. High impact composites were also possible by the use of impact modifiers. Factors considered included the composition of the blend, processing time, and kinetics of interchain exchange. 8 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No. 11, 2003, pp. 17-21).
Title: CRYSTALLISATION AND PLASTICISATION OF THIN POLYIMIDE FILMS AFTER PLASMA-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
Page Range: T/37-41
Author(s): Agapov O A; Zhukov A A; Zhukova S A; Molotkova N N; Prudskova T N
File size: 92K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
A study was made of the action of high-frequency (HR) air plasma on thin polyimide films produced from a solution of polyamido acids. The aim of the study was to investigate the properties of two types of thin polyimide film of different chemical compositions after treatment in HR air plasma. The investigation was carried out on polyimide films based on pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4'-oxydianiline (PMDA-ODA), and also PMDA-ODA with the introduction into the polymer chain of a diamine fragment of 2-(p-aminophenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole (PMDA-ODA-M) of 0.8-6.0 micron thickness, untreated and treated in a low-temperature HF air plasma. Changes in the IR spectra of treated films were assessed from the calculated relative intensity of the bands of the spectra. By IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffractometry, it was shown that, during the plasma-chemical modification of PMDA-ODA, a crystalline phase appeared in the initially amorphous polyimide film. With the presence of a 2-(p-aminophenyl)-6-aminobenzimidazole fragment in the polymer chain, after similar treatment, no crystalline phase was found in the film. It was shown that the equilibrium of the reversible chemical reaction of imidisation depended on the method of plasma treatment, and that the process of dehydrocyclisation was predominant. Treatment led to a change in the state and amount of water, as a result of which, due to plasticisation, for both polyimides investigated, there was a reduction in the Young's modulus and an increase in the breaking elongation with unchanged strength of the films. With reduction in the thickness of the films, the effect of the treatment was more pronounced. 12 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.21-4).
Title: PRODUCTION AND APPLICATION OF ESTER PLASTICISERS FOR POLYMERS
Page Range: T/42-44
Author(s): Kirilovich V I
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
The current supply and demand situation in Russia is examined with respect to the market for plasticisers, and in particular, ester plasticisers. Following the break-up of the Soviet Union, production capacity for plasticisers is reported to have fallen, and the country is now attempting to increase production volumes. One of the main reasons given for the decline in production of ester plasticisers, is said to be the absence or significant reduction in the production of hydroxyl-containing feedstock. With the economic recovery of sectors of industry such as construction, electrical engineering, aviation and automotive manufacture, polymeric materials that are competitive with imports with respect to their combination of properties and cost, are now required. The shortfall in Russia of ester plasticisers based on higher alcohols is estimated to be around 30-40 kt/year.. Details are given of production capacities in the Soviet Union and in Russia for 1990 and 2003, and the availability of a range of grades in those years. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.24-5).
Title: EPOXY RESINS AND MATERIALS BASED ON THEM
Page Range: T/45-46
Author(s): Klebanov M S
File size: 25K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
An overview is presented of the production trends in Russia of epoxy resins, together with comparative brief statistical data relating to supply and demand, market shares by end-use application, and growth rate trends for the rest of the world. The production of epoxy resins in Russia is reported not to exceed 10-12 kt/year, with over 9% of production carried out at the Ufa Ufakhimprom Open Joint Stock Company. The various types of epoxy resins, depending on feedstocks are detailed, with comments on the suitability of different types for particular end-use applications to provide specific properties. In order to increase production and encourage developments in this area, research is currently being undertaken at Russia,Scientific Research Institute for Plastics, and a trial plant at the Institute is manufacturing modified epoxy resins, epoxy-organosilicon resins and solid epoxy-novolac resins for heat resistant moulding applications, and low-viscosity epoxy modifier resins. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.26).
Title: SHUNGITE-FILLED THERMOPLASTICS
Page Range: T/47-49
Author(s): Vakhtinskaya T N; Gurinovich L N; Andreeva T I
File size: 74K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
The use is investigated of schungite as a functional filler in thermoplastics in order to control electrical properties, and to provide strength and rigidity. Karelian schungite rock has different mineral components, and depending on the carbon content, can be divided into 5 varieties. In this study, schungite rock with a carbon content of 20-35% and different degrees of dispersion was used. PP, nylon-6, ABS, recycled PETP, and a polycarbonate/ABS blend were used as the polymer matrices. The results of the tests indicate the effectiveness of the reinforcement, optimum filler levels, and carbon content levels of the various schungite grades with respect to performance requirements. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.33-5).
Title: HEAT AND LIGHT STABILISATION OF POLYBUTYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Page Range: T/50-53
Author(s): Kalugina E V; Tochin V A; Gvozdev D V; Vakhtinskaya T N; Andreeva T I
File size: 50K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
The heat and light stabilisation of polybutylene terephthalate (PBTP) was investigated. Tests were carried out on composite glass-filled material in the form of 2 dumb-bell test pieces produced by injection moulding. The following methods of investigation were applied: H and C NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, thermal analysis, and gel permeation chromatography. Tabulated data relating to the composition of degradation products of PBTP are given. Analysis of the degradation products showed that thermal oxidation proceeded both in irradiated and in initial specimens. It was therefore concluded that a system of antioxidants was required. A mixture of primary and secondary antioxidants was used as the heat stabilisers. Analysis of the experimental data file on inhibited thermal oxidation of PBTP with additions of different heat stabilisers, showed that the most effective heat stabilising formulation, was a mixture of phenolic antioxidant and dianilidophenyl phosphate. To increase the light resistance of composite glass fibre filled materials based on PBTP, HALS was additionally introduced into the heat-stabilising system. 14 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.35-7).
Title: ANTIFRICTION COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR THE FRICTION UNITS OF MOVING PARTS OF RAILWAY CARS
Page Range: T/54-56
Author(s): Protasova R N; Andreeva T I; Klimanova R S; Prokhorov N V; Panferova O V
File size: 45K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Research has been carried out at NIIM together with VNIIZhT MPS to develop a Russian analogue of a PTFE-based anti-friction composite material for sliding supports which are currently produced in Germany for use in railway car moving parts. Fillers used were antifriction powder additives: graphite (colloidal, Gc, scaly Gs, metallurgical Gm of grade GPS), sital, nickel, molybdenum disulphide, and aluminosilicate. The content of the fillers was varied from 15-20 wt%, with ratios of the components of 1:1, 2:1, 9:1, and 15:1. In the development of the composites, use was made of a PTFE powder with a degree of dispersion of 0.65 mm and powder fillers with a particle size of 5-10 microns. A composite based on a copolymer of formaldehyde SFD with a modifying addition of PTFE (20%) was developed as an alternative material, and HMWPE was chosen as another alternative material. Results of physicomechanical tests of these materials are discussed. According to the results of bench tests, under a service load of 100 kgf/cm2 and the maximum number of cycles, the friction coefficients of the foreign analogue and the developed materials based on PTFE were found to be comparable.(Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.38-9).
Title: PROCESSING OF RECYCLED POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Page Range: T/57-60
Author(s): Zakharov D B; Vakhtinskaya T N; Arenina S V; Prudskova T N; Andreeva T I
File size: 57K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
The need to recycle PETP soft drinks bottles in the Moscow region, is addressed, with particular reference to the quality of the recyclate. In the recycling of PETP bottles, processes of hydrolytic and thermooxidative degradation occur, leading to a fall in molecular weight and consequently, to a reduction in the final properties of the polymer. This work studies the use of chain extenders as modifiers, and in particular, triphenyl phosphite (TPP), trinonylphenyl phosphite (TNPP), triphenyl phosphate, 4,4'-Diphenylmethane carbodiimide (OKD), 2,2'-(1,4-phenylene)-bisoxazoline (BOZ), epoxy-bisphenol-A resins, and pyromellitic dianhydride. Test results relating to molecular weight and polydispersity of PETP composites are examined. The results of the study were used in the development of formulations of glass-filled, low-flammability, and hybrid-filled composites based on recycled PETP. 6 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.40-1).
Title: QUALITY OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE FOR BOTTLES: MECHANICAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PETP
Page Range: T/61-63
Author(s): Prudskova T N; Gurinovich L N; Arenina S V; Kachalina A L
File size: 42K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Bottles of PETP modified with comonomers and additives, with a higher molecular weight than the standard polymer, were manufactured by a two-step technology. Without any visible cause, a certain time after manufacture, the filled bottles failed, mostly at the points where the side meets the bottom, it is reported. The determination of possible causes of failure is the aim of this work. The following tests were used in the work: uniaxial elongation at a constant deformation rate, determination of the intrinsic viscosity, and thermal scanning methods including thermomechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was demonstrated experimentally that the structure of the preform was partially crystalline; that Tg was practically independent of molecular weight; the upper blow moulding temperature limit of articles which determines the moulding range was dependent on molecular weight; and that biaxial orientation of partially crystalline PETP with a lower intrinsic viscosity could lead to microdefects and accordingly, to increase internal stresses, resulting in subsequent macrofailure of the finished article. 4 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.42-3).
Title: MODIFIED ION-EXCHANGE RESIN FOR THE FLUORINATION OF DRINKING WATER
Page Range: T/64-67
Author(s): Solntseva D P; Krasnov M S; Kalinina R N; Makarova E I
File size: 48K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 8
Abstract
Technology has been developed for manufacture of a modified cation-exchange resin for dosing water with fluorine ions. Experimental specimens of KU-fluorinator cation-exchange resin were produced under laboratory conditions, the effectiveness of operation of which was determined by sanitary engineering tests. It was established that aqueous extracts from the KU-fluorinator cation-exchange resin with infusion for 30 days did not alter the organoleptic properties. The investigation took into account the variety of different drinking waters, their significant differences in terms of salt concentration, pH value, presence and amount of microimpurities, and the temperature of the initial water, and the influence of these on the release of fluorine from the KU-fluorinator. In addition, the mathematical relationship between the concentration of fluorides separated from the material and the contact time was established. 9 Refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 2003, pp.43-5).