Back SearchTitle: PLATE-OUT - MORE THAN JUST A PHENOMENON? PART 1. PLATE-OUT IN THE EXTRUDER
Page Range: T/1-5
Author(s): Gilbert M; Haberleitner R; Schiller M; van Soom K; Varshney N
File size: 106K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of current published research on plate-out in PVC extrusion processing. This is followed by a laboratory method which is proposed as a reliable method for investigating plate-out and for determining the influencing factors. The results of the analysis of plate-out are used as the basis for proposed mechanisms of plate-out. The summary provided provides PVC processors with tips on how to reduce plate-out. Consideration is given to plate-out in the vacuum zone due to sublimation; plate-out in the die; the influence of the melt temperature; the influence of moisture; and the addition of optimum quantities of anti-plate-out additives. 12 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.12, 2003, p.786.)
Title: REACTIONS OF COPOLYMERS CONTAINING ESTER GROUPS IN RUBBER/CORD COMPOSITE
Page Range: T/6-8
Author(s): Shmurak I L; Gusev A V; Sigov O V; Grishin B S
File size: 38K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
In order to improve tread vulcanisates and dipping systems, a study was made of some reactions of butadiene copolymers in the shaping of rubber/cord composites, in which binary model systems of copolymer and vulcanisate blend ingredient were used. Butadiene copolymers containing ester links were studied, and in particular, BM-5 latex, the corresponding rubber of which contains ester groups such as butadiene-styrene-methylmethacrylate rubber. Prototype compositions based on butadiene-butylacrylate-methylacrylamide latex (DB-1) and BM-5 latexes are shown to provide a higher bond strength between polyamide cord and vulcanisate. 9 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.12, 2004, p. 5-6.)
Title: CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RATE OF OXIDATION ON POLYISOPRENES
Page Range: T/9-10
Author(s): Shutilin Y F; Troinina N N; Chichvarin A V; Karmanova O V
File size: 33K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
This work investigates the thermal oxidation kinetics of natural polyisoprene (NK) and synthetic SKI-3. Whilst the microstructures of chains of natural and synthetic polyisoprenes possess a large degree of similarity, their cohesion strength and resistance to ageing differs. This is thought to be because in NK type, virtually all the monomer links are bound head-to-tail, whilst in SKI-2 macromolecules, there are disruptions to the attachment regularity of the monomer links. A study was made of both types of polyisoprene containing anti-ageing agents, and purified versions. It was concluded that NK is less inclined to attach oxygen than SKI-3, probably because of the smaller number of structural defects in the macromolecules. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.14-5.)
Title: THERMAL AGEING OF COMPOUNDS BASED ON ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE AND BUTYL RUBBERS
Page Range: T/11-13
Author(s): Makarov T V; Kliuchnikov O R; Vol'fson S I; Khakimullin Y N; Deberdeev R Y
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Low-temperature-cured elastomer roof compositions are examined with reference to the effect of filler choice and curing processes on the durability and resistance to thermal ageing. This paper investigates the thermal stability of compositions vulcanised using dinitroso compounds under operational conditions which have been cured using different systems that generate dinitrobenzene and its substitution products. Blends of ethylene-propylene and butyl rubber vulcanisates were filled using different fillers (technical grade carbon, white carbon and kaolin), and vulcanised on a hydraulic press at a temperature of 80 degrees C in the presence of quinol ester, polymer n-dinitrosobenzene and n-benzoquinone dioxime in combination with manganese oxide. For comparison, blends were prepared containing sulphur-bearing accelerator thiuram and alkylphenolformaldehyde resin. Results of thermal ageing tests are tabulated and from this data, it was concluded that cold-cured elastomer compositions in the presence of systems that generate dinitrosobenzene are in many cases the equal of, and in some cases, superior to, compositions vulcanised using traditional systems. It was concluded that the best of the systems investigated was a vulcanising system containing quinol ester, and that the type of filler had an impact on thermal breakdown processes. Vulcanisates filled with technical-grade carbon were found to be more subject to thermal ageing processes than specimens filled with white carbon or kaolin. 8 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.15-7.)
Title: DIBUTOXYETHYL ADIPATE - A NEW PLASTICISER FOR LOW-TEMPERATURE-RESISTANT INDUSTRIAL RUBBER PRODUCTS
Page Range: T/14-15
Author(s): Proicheva A G; Morozov Y L; Korshakov A G
File size: 32K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Since the range of available plasticisers for low temperature resistant vulcanisates for industrial rubber goods is fairly narrow, the OAO Ural'skaia khimicheskaia Kompaniia has set up production of a new plasticiser, dibutoxyethyl adipate (DBEA) which contains ether linkages as well as ester groups, it is reported. The important properties of a plasticiser which affect the low temperature resistance of vulcanisates are its compatibility with the polymer, its volatility and the way the viscosity changes as the temperature falls. To examine these properties, a comparative evaluation of the compatibility of DBEA and other known plasticisers in terms of solubility parameters was carried out with all grades of butadiene-nitrile rubbers and polychloroprene. It was demonstrated that the use of DBEA gave equivalent properties with a much smaller amount in comparison with other plasticisers (DBF, DBS). Scope for its further substitution in formulations containing DBF and DBS is indicated. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.24-5.)
Title: MELAMINE-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVE ADDITIVES FOR RUBBER-TEXTILE MATERIALS
Page Range: T/16-18
Author(s): Kudiukov K Y; Miakukhina V T; Kudiukov Y P; Sharun E P; Ereshko V P
File size: 38K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
New and environmentally clean oligomers have been developed for use as additives in adhesives for rubber-textile materials. They contain amino- and hydroxyl groups in their structure, which would indicate an enhanced bond strength between the rubber compound and the textile material and an improved vulcanisate breaking strength. Melamine-formaldehyde oligomers were synthesised and used as adhesive additives in formulations intended for the production of fabric-ply conveyor belts. Details are given of the formulation, and the physical and mechanical properties of the vulcanisates. Tests showed that the use of melamine-formaldehyde oligomers enabled the traditional system of modifiers to be abandoned, and provide a higher rubber-fabric bond strength and improved vulcanisate tensile strength. Conveyor belt quality and service life was improved. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.25-6.)
Title: NON-DESTRUCTIVE METHOD OF MEASURING THE MECHANICAL PARAMETERS OF BOUNDARY LAYERS OF POLYMERS
Page Range: T/19-22
Author(s): Naumenko V Y
File size: 46K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Details are given of the use of a dynamic quartz-crystal resonator as a non-destructive test method by which to measure the mechanical parameters of boundary layers of polymers. The method is based on measurement of the resonance curve parameters for free and loaded polymer specimens, which enable the complex elasticity modulus values to be determined. This work provides a full description of the experimental rig putting this resonance method into effect to study the boundary layers in polymers, using a personal computer for control purposes and to process the information obtained from measurement of the piezoelectric crystal resonance curve parameters. It was shown that the level of measurement precision and information provided, rose as a result of the use of the PC, which helped to create a variation in the amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal, and in monitoring constancy of the oscillation amplitude of the piezoelectric crystal and temperature, and in addition, did much to simplify the procedure and mathematical processing of the signal taken from the piezoelectric crystal. 14 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.33-6.)
Title: MIGRATION OF STABILISER FROM POLYBUTADIENE RUBBER
Page Range: T/23-24
Author(s): Dedov A V; Nazarov V G
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The aim of this work is to model the migration process for phenyl-naphthylamine from sodium butadiene rubber at different specimen thermo stating temperatures. Details are given of three equations which were used to process the experimental results of work. The values of the coefficients in these equations are tabulated. The relationships are established between the equation type used and the experiment temperature. These are governed by the assumptions made when modelling the migration process for low-molecular ingredients from polymers, and in particular, the assumption of a uniform distribution of additive throughout the polymer material and the dependence of the rate of the process on diffusion or just volatility. The rate of migration of phenyl-naphthylamine is initially determined by the volatility of the ingredient off the specimen surface/ When the stabiliser was removed from the material surface, a migration stage began, the rate of which was governed by diffusion of the ingredient in the rubber. The impact of temperature on values of coefficients in the three equations is examined. The expressions obtained are claimed to provide conditions for the calculation of the migration kinetics of phenyl naphthylamine out of sodium butadiene rubber at temperatures in excess of 90 degrees C. 5 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.36-7.)
Title: ANALYSIS OF THE STRESS-STRAIN STATE OF A VULCANISATE DURING MILLING BETWEEN SMOOTH ROLLS
Page Range: T/25-27
Author(s): Durosov S M; Solov'ev; Triaskov M V
File size: 94K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
An analysis is made of the stress-strain state of a vulcanisate during milling between two smooth cylindrical rolls rotating with and without friction, on condition that the material sticks to the surface of the rolls - before entering the gap, on exit from the gap, and also with compression of the material between the two smooth cylindrical surfaces. Material failure is determined using the stress intensity criterion. The results of analysis of the stress-strain state of a vulcanisate in the strain zone of a shredder with smooth cylindrical rolls showed that the most intensive material failure was observed with small gaps between the smooth cylindrical rolls, and when there is friction between them. An increase in the friction and a diminution in the gap between the rolls helped to enhance the intensity of vulcanisate failure on rolling machines, it is reported. 2 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.38-40.)
Title: FINLESS MOULD FOR RUBBER/METAL GASKETS
Page Range: T/28-29
Author(s): Shpindler V M; Sokolovskii A A
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
In order to eliminate deficiencies associated with a 'cone' fit between mating parts of moulds, a design has been developed for a closed finless compression mould with 'cylinder' fit between mating parts. It is claimed that the mould design enables a simpler mould manufacturing process to be used for the production of rubber/metal gaskets. This paper describes the rubber/metal collar mould which has been used to demonstrate the advantages of cylinder fits, the method of manufacturing finless items in closed compression moulds, and also ways of simplifying the manufacturing process for mould and items, and the details of how to take account of shrinkage in reinforced industrial rubber products. 4 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.40-1.)
Title: NEW WATERPROOF POLYMERIC ROOF COVERING
Page Range: T/30-31
Author(s): Podnebesnyi A P; Savel'eva N V; Lanina T F; Zhukovskaia N V; Grekul A I
File size: 31K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A new elastomeric roof waterproofing system has been developed by researchers at the Elastik Research Institute. EPDM and butyl rubbers were chosen, since due to their high level of saturation, they have a good level of resistance to atmospheric impacts and chemicals, good resistance to heat and good dielectric properties. The elastomer composition formulation was developed using SKEPT-50 EPDM and BK-2045 butyl rubber. Most suitable fillers and cure systems were determined and physicomechanical properties of the waterproofing material are tabulated based on EPDM, butyl rubber, styrene and ethylene-propylene rubber and a foreign equivalent (Dutral). (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.1, 2004, p.42.)
Title: SPECIAL POLYMERS IN SENSORICS - THE 'ELECTRONIC NOSE'
Page Range: T/32-36
Author(s): Banhegyi G
File size: 78K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A review is presented of current research and developments in the area of sensorics, with particular reference to the development of chemosensors and the use of polymeric materials. Synthetic chemosensors can only detect a molecule when it is dissolved in a polymeric layer present in the sensor. The detection by volume and surface waves on piezoelectric materials is described using the quartz crystal microbalance device. Swelling detection based on variation in conductivity is also examined, and the polymers used in these methods are detailed. Applications for the electronic nose or chemosensor are discussed, together with future possibilities for the sensorics industry in terms of technology and materials science. 12 refs. (Article translated from Muanyag es Gumi, No.4, 2004, pp.153.)
Title: ACETABULAR CUPS MADE FROM ULTRAHIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE AND KEVLAR FOR USE IN MEDICINE
Page Range: T/37-41
Author(s): Zsoldos G; Czel G
File size: 121K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Acetabular cups for hip and knee prostheses, made from Kevlar reinforced ultrahigh molecular weight PE, are discussed with respect to service life. Processing parameters for the production of composite acetabular cups by compression moulding are described, and the use of physical crosslinking as a further method for reinforcing the base material, is discussed. 6 refs. (Article translated from Muanyag es Gumi, No.5, 2004, pp.187.)
Title: EXPERIENCE IN PLANNING AND MANUFACTURE OF EQUIPMENT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDED PRODUCTS
Page Range: T/42-44
Author(s): Berezanskii K T N; Nerush A F
File size: 30K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The experiences gained at the authors' organisation in the design and production of extrusion moulding equipment for the production of packaging products, are described. This article describes the company's approach to the design, production and improvement of equipment for the manufacture of extrusion blow moulded products in response to trials with PE. Consideration is given to the surface finish of the products, particular requirements for the mould design, the use of mathematical models for complex shaped articles, choice of cooling system and construction of cutter inserts. The organisation also took part in studies for the development of experimental apparatus for blow moulding heat resistant articles from PETP. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2004, pp.6.)
Title: MANUFACTURE AND USE OF EQUIPMENT MADE FROM COMPOSITE MATERIALS FOR VACUUM FORMING OF SHEET AND ROLL MATERIALS
Page Range: T/45-46
Author(s): Gerasimova V A
File size: 30K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Poliform is a small production organisation which is concerned with the development of technology for, and the production of moulds made from composite materials. The use of equipment made from composite materials for vacuum forming offers advantages over traditional mould materials in terms of productivity and production costs, it is claimed, and comparative data are included to demonstrate these advantages. Currently, patents are being applied for to cover both the production method and composition, which allow for the rapid creation of strong, heat resistant equipment suitable for small volumes of forming (up to 10,000 units). (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2004, pp.8.)
Title: ACID HYDROLYSIS OF VINYL ACETATE IN AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM IN THE PRESENCE OF NON-IONOGENIC SURFACTANTS AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOL
Page Range: T/47-50
Author(s): Karamyan D R; Sergeeva C N; Beileryan N M; Voskanyan P S; Eritsyan V K; Gevorkyan L A
File size: 63K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
This article considers the use of emulsion polymerisation for the production of vinyl acetate copolymers and the incorporation of non-ionogenic surfactants for the initiation of polymerisation. In order to ensure an acceptable rate of decomposition of the initiating system, use is made of additives, and in particular, acids to regulate the pH value of the reaction mixture. It is known that vinyl acetate undergoes hydrolysis in an aqueous medium with the formation of acetaldehyde and acetic acids, which have a negative effect both on the polymerisation process and on the quality of the polyvinyl acetate formed. Work was carried out to study the hydrolysis of vinyl acetate in an aqueous medium under the conditions of polymerisation, and the effect on hydrolysis of the components of the reaction system at working concentrations. Results are given of an investigation of the rates of acid hydrolysis of vinyl acetate in an aqueous medium in the presence of non-ionogenic surfactants. 5 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2004, pp.22).
Title: EFFECT OF WOLLASTONITE ON THE PROPERTIES OF NYLON 6 AND POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE
Page Range: T/51-53
Author(s): Vakhtinskaya T N; Gurionovich L N; Andreeva T I
File size: 43K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
The effect of wollastonite on the properties of nylon 6 and PETP is investigated with reference to its use as a conventional filler and as a filler in a hybrid composite where it partially replaces glass fibre. Brief market data are included for world production and consumption of wollastonite, and the markets for wollastonite with a high L/D ratio particle size of greater than 3, and for comminuted wollastonite with a L/D less than 3. The main physicomechanical properties of wollastonite are tabulated, together with the main properties of composites based on nylon 6 and PETP. Optimum levels of physicomechanical properties and processing properties are given. 1 ref. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2004, pp.31.)
Title: POLYMERIC PIPES WITH COLOUR-GRADED STRIPS
Page Range: T/54-55
Author(s): Deverdeev R Y
File size: 27K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
A method for the production of polymeric pipes with colour coded strips is described. In accordance with new regulations, polymeric pipes will have to be produced with colour coded marking strips, depending on the end use of the pipe. Currently, such pipes are manufactured using a coextrusion method. This method, however, is expensive to perform, and in Russia, it is necessary to find an affordable technique which can be used by fairly low capacity companies. This paper describes the development of a technology which involves the application of a coloured film strip to an extruded tubular blank, by impressing the strip into the blank at the calibration stage, and cooling the tubular blank to form a monolithic structure of the finished pipe. 1 ref. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.1, 2004, pp.44.)
Title: EFFECT OF THE TYPE OF FLAME RETARDANT AND LUBRICANT ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FIRE RETARDANCY OF MEDIUM-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Page Range: T/56-59
Author(s): Samujlo B
File size: 182K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 31
Issue No: No. 9
Abstract
Ignition resistance and combustion resistance tests were carried out on medium density polyethylene (MDPE) to determine the effect of the type of flame retardant and lubricant used. Methods of studying the ignition and combustion resistance of plastics are reviewed. The present work reports on the resistance to ignition and combustion of extruded PE modified with selected non-halogen-containing flame retardants in the form of aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, and amorphous silica, erucic acid amide, amides of unsaturated carboxylic acids, ester of glycerol and oleic acid, and oleic acid amides as lubricants. It was established that, with an increasing content of flame retardant, the oxygen index and glow resistance increased. The relative effectiveness of the flame retardants used is indicated, together with optimum content levels. 33 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.3, 2004, pp.191.)