Back SearchTitle: MIGRATION OF ADDITIVES IN RUBBER
Page Range: T/1-13
Author(s): Ignatz-Hoover A F; To B H
File size: 273K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The migration of compounding ingredients in rubber compounds before, during and after vulcanisation is recognised as an important factor in the overall properties and performance of rubber articles containing a number of layers, such as in tyres and hoses. This paper describes the activities of various chemical additives in uncured and cured rubber. It also provides an overview of earlier works and more recent information on the migration of compounding ingredients. The aim of the study is to better understand the migration phenomenon associated with compounding ingredients in order to identify the optimum distribution of ingredients. The results of the study indicate that chemical additives such as curing agents and antioxidants tend to migrate through the rubber material in both uncured and cured states. The degree of migration depends on the type of additive, its solubility and its ability to react with other ingredients in the rubber, and the ambient conditions. 22 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.10, 2004, p.653-662
Title: NANOPARTICLES IN CONTACT ADHESIVES
Page Range: T/14-7
Author(s): Krueger G
File size: 89K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Contact adhesives for adhesive tapes are applied as aqueous dispersions on the carrier. The addition of aqueous dispersions of baryte nanoparticles in water-based acrylate dispersions is shown to result in a significant increase in the dynamic shear strength and increased resistance to deformation. The wedge test was used to demonstrate the increase in cohesion. The investigation showed that the addition of nanoparticles is a means of significantly changing the properties of contact adhesives and that the effect of the type of acrylate and the changed creep behaviour are also determined by the substrate and the pretreatment. 3 refs. (Article translated from Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe, No.8, 2005, p.494-6)
Title: BONDING OF RUBBERS TO METAL CORD USING COMPOUNDS OF VARIABLE-VALENCY METALS
Page Range: T/18-26
Author(s): Bobrov Y A; Kandyrin K L; Shmurak I L; Potapov E E
File size: 72K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An extensive review is presented of the present situation in Russia regarding the use and production of adhesion promoters for the bonding of rubbers to metal cord using compounds of variable-valency metals. The article refers to publications describing the mechanism of the action of adhesion promoters, the use of cobalt-containing adhesion promoters, adhesion promoters based on compounds of other metals, adhesion promoters containing boron, the use of compounds of variable-valency metals together with resin-forming systems, and the present state of the Russian adhesion promoter market. 71 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.2, 2005, p.37-45)
Title: PROSPECTS OF USING HYDROGENATED BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE RUBBERS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF HEAT-RESISTANT STATORS FOR SCREW DRILLING MACHINES AND PUMPS
Page Range: T/27-28
Author(s): Korotkikh N I; Klyuchkov V I; Krasovskii V N
File size: 33K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
An investigation is made of the use of vulcanisates based on saturated rubbers containing a small number of double bonds, (epichlorohydrin, propylene oxide and hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers) for use as rubber coatings on stators used in screw drilling machines in the oil industry. A study of the working conditions of the metal rotor and the rubber-metal stator surround shows that it operates under extremely complex conditions, and that therefore stringent requirements are laid down for the rubber coating concerning strength, abrasive wear resistance, fatigue strength and resistance to petroleum products. The rubber coating of the stator had previously been manufactured from normal butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, and was found to rapidly lose elasticity at high temperatures causing failure. Tests on the proposed vulcanisates showed that vulcanisates based on hydrogenated butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers, (Terban 3446) showed that most promise for the manufacture of stators for screw drilling machines and pumps used at high temperatures with respect to processing and physicomechanical properties. 3 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.2, 2005, p.48-9)
Title: POLYCHLOROPRENE ADHESIVES WITH INCREASED ADHESION TO CHLOROPRENE RUBBER BASED VULCANISATES
Page Range: T/29-30
Author(s): Keibal N A; Bondarenko S N; Kablov V F; Sergeev G N
File size: 44K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
This article describes the development of modified chloroprene adhesives with increased adhesion for use in bonding vulcanisates based on chloroprene rubber. Increase in the adhesion characteristics of the adhesive compositions to vulcanised rubbers is possible by introducing small amounts of additives promoting adhesion. As modifiers in this instance, use was made f the products of the interaction of epoxy resin and vat residues from aniline production. It was found that during the bonding of standard vulcanised rubbers based on chloroprene by modified adhesives, the adhesion exceeded the strength of the vulcanisate even at low level additions. It was established that the increase in adhesion was not only caused by an increase in the concentration of polar groups when epoxy resin and aniline production waste were introduced into the composition of the adhesive, but also by the formation of additional chemical bonds when the amine-containing oligomer formed interacted with the mobile allyl chlorine atoms the macromolecules of chloroprene rubber. This led to an increase in the density of the three-dimensional network and a strengthening of the adhesive film. Thus, the amine-containing oligomers investigated were found to be affecting adhesion promoters for the bonding of vulcanised rubbers based on chloroprene rubbers to each other, and particularly in applications requiring the jointing of a large number of structural elements simultaneously, without adversely affecting the properties of the article as a whole. 3 refs. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.2, 2005, p.49-50)
Title: METHOD OF CALCULATING THE QUASI-STATIC DEFORMATION OF METAL-ELASTOMER ELEMENTS OF SHOCK ABSORBERS
Page Range: T/31
Author(s): Evel'son L I; Rafalovskaya M Y
File size: 27K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The finite element method (FEM) is the main tool for use in calculating the stress-strain state and optimising the force characteristics of metal-elastomer shock absorbers for use in the design of machine parts. However, to calculate elastomers of strains greater than 10%, the process of deformation of the elastomer is reported to show considerable non-linearity and thus the FEM process is unsuitable. In addition, it is stated that the practical incompressibility of the elastomer when the standard FEM variant is used leads to singularity of the rigidity matrix and loss of accuracy and reliability of the computing process. This article reports on the development of a procedure and software which are proposed for calculation in the case of strains of up to 50% which takes into account the incompressibility of the elastomer and the geometric non-linearity. It involves use of a step procedure in which the load is applied in several stages in such a way that the strain within each stage, by comparison with the previous stages remains low. Brief details are given. (Article translated from Kauchuk i Rezina, No.2, 2005, p.50)
Title: FEATURES OF THE OCCURRENCE AND ANALYSIS OF THERMAL ELECTROMAGNETIC FLUCTUATIONS OF FIBRE- AND FILM-FORMING POLYMERS
Page Range: T/32-43
Author(s): Zelenev Y V; Ivanovskii V A
File size: 213K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
Both non-polar and polar polymers for which different supermolecular formations are characteristic, can be categorised s fibre- and film-forming polymers. To investigate such polymer systems, use is made of thermal electromagnetic fluctuations (TEMF) which make it possible, without applying external force fields, to fix the appearance of temperature regions of abrupt change in molecular mobility. Since physical modification of these polymers by heat treatment and the action of force fields changes their supermolecular structure considerably, it is important to study the responses of these polymer systems to external action. The TEMF method is characterised by only a minimal energetic action on the materials being studied, and so is claimed to be most effective in this application. The theoretical principles of the method of thermal electromagnetic fluctuations for the investigation of polymers are described, and the results of experiments on non-crystalline polymers systems PMMA, PVC and polystyrene, and crystalline polymer systems PE and PTFE, are discussed. 18 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.6, 2005, p.27-34)
Title: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ROLE AND BEHAVIOUR OF SOLVENTS IN THE BONDING OF PIPES MADE FROM UNPLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
Page Range: T/44-51
Author(s): Otstavnov A A
File size: 142K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The relationships governing the strength behaviour of PVC pipe joints under different assembly and service conditions has been established empirically and the factors having a predominant effect on the bonding of uPVC have been identified. Many of them are reported to be associated with the solvents used in the bonding process. The role and behaviour of solvents in the bonding of uPVC pipes using perchlorovinyl adhesive and various solvents is investigated in experiments at NII Mosstroi, and consideration is given to the following aspects: preparation of the pipes for bonding; preparation of the adhesive composite; application of the adhesive; joining of the elements being bonded; curing of the adhesive joints; testing of annular specimens cut from the pipe; shear testing; and statistical processing of test results. 7 refs. (Article translated from Plasticheskie Massy, No.6, 2005, p.42-6)
Title: ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REINFORCEMENT OF POLYETHYLENES WITH WOOD FLOUR
Page Range: T/52-66
Author(s): Kuciel S; Liber A
File size: 247K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
A study was made of the mechanical and processing properties of wood flour reinforced composites based on HDPE, LDPE and their recyclates. Composites with a degree of filling of up to 30% were studied, i.e., the types which can be processed on standard processing lines. The filler employed was Lignocel CB 120 wood flour made from undried soft pinewood. The test results showed a considerable increase in the elastic modulus both in tension and bending with an increase in the content of wood flour, increased rigidity, low swelling and a lack of natural surface defects. 21 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.6, 2005, p.436-40)
Title: MONTMORILLONITE SEPARATED FROM BENTONITE - ITS MODIFICATION AND POTENTIAL USE IN ANIONIC POLYMERISATION OF EPSILON-CAPROLACTAM FOR PREPARATION OF NANOCOMPOSITES
Page Range: T/57-63
Author(s): Kelar K; Jurkowski B; Mencel K
File size: 138K
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Issue Year: ipsat
Volume: 32
Issue No: No. 11
Abstract
The advantages of nanocomposites filled with laminar silicates are outlined. Such materials are not manufactured on an industrial scale in Poland due to the high costs of the nanofillers and the technological problems arising from the generally observed tendency of powder fillers to form agglomerates, which impairs the properties of the polymer. In addition, in the case of montmorillonite (MMT), it is a hydrophilic compound and as such is incompatible with most polymers. The oldest method of obtaining nanocomposites with montmorillonite is in-situ polymerisation of epsilon-caprolactam. The purpose of this particular investigation was to develop a method of separating the montmorillonite fraction from Polish-produced bentonite, assess the yield of the process, carry out hydrophobisation of the MMT with organic ammonium cations, and to synthesise nylon-6/MMT systems by anionic polymerisation of epsilon-caprolactam. 57 refs. (Article translated from Polimery, No.6, 2005, p.449-454).